Table 2.
Factors associated with CAD events (n = 1119).
| No Event (n = 1025) | Event (n = 94) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 60.6 ± 6.6 | 61.8 ± 6.0 | .11 |
| Sex—no. (%) | |||
| Male | 540 (53%) | 60 (64%) | .04 |
| Female | 485 (47%) | 34 (36%) | |
| Race—no. (%) | |||
| White | 790 (77%) | 81 (86%) | .07 |
| Black | 182 (18%) | 8 (9%) | |
| Other | 53 (5%) | 5 (5%) | |
| Diabetes-related factors | |||
| Diabetes duration (years) (mean ± SD) | 8.2 ± 6.8 | 12.3 ± 7.8 | <.0001 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) (mean ± SD) | 52 ± 8.7 | 50 ± 8.6 | .002 |
| HbA1C (%) (mean ± SD) (mmol/mol) | 7.0 ± 1.5 (53) | 7.5 ± 1.5 (58) | .004 |
| Insulin—no. (%) | 233 (23%) | 27 (29%) | .19 |
| Microalbumin–creatinine no. (%) | |||
| <30 µg/mg | 780 (78%) | 54 (59%) | .0002 |
| 30–299 µg/mg | 187 (18%) | 28 (31%) | |
| >299 µg/mg | 37 (4%) | 9 (10%) | |
| Serum creatinine—mg/dl (mean ± SD) | .96 ± .29 | 1.04 ± .45 | .11 |
| Retinopathy—no. (%) | 149 (15%) | 24 (26%) | .005 |
| Numbness—no. (%) | 343 (33%) | 48 (51%) | .0006 |
| ⩾2 signs or symptoms of peripheral neuropathya—no. (%) | 394 (38%) | 56 (60%) | <.0001 |
| ⩾1 symptom of autonomic neuropathyb—no. (%) | 424 (41%) | 52 (55%) | .009 |
| CAN testing | |||
| HR-DB (ratio) —(mean ± SD) | 1.13 ± .09 | 1.11 ± .08 | .06 |
| HR-DB (beats)—(mean ± SD) | 7.86 ± 4.85 | 6.96 ± 4.56 | .13 |
| Lowest quartile heart rate ratio during deep breathing—no. (%) | 210 (20%) | 23 (24%) | .36 |
| Lowest quartile Valsalva—no. (%)c | 178 (17%) | 30 (32%) | .0005 |
| Standing heart rate ratio—(mean ± SD) | 1.24 ± .16 | 1.18 ± .13 | <.0001 |
| Lowest quartile standing heart rate—no. (%)d | 208 (20%) | 36 (38%) | <.0001 |
| Resting heart rate—beats/min (mean ± SD) | 69 ± 10 | 73 ± 11 | .02 |
| BP-Stand—mmHg (mean ± SD)e | 1.2 ± 15 | 5.6 ± 14 | .007 |
| DBP change on handgrip—mmHg (mean ± SD) | 18.3 ± 9.4 | 19.6 ± 10.2 | .21 |
| Low-frequency power—ms2 (mean ± SD) | 401 ± 548 | 285 ± 296 | .009 |
| High-frequency power—ms2 (mean ± SD) | 195 ± 319 | 140 ± 198 | .06 |
| LF:HF (mean ± SD) | 3.2 ± 3.0 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | .81 |
| Cardiac risk factors | |||
| Waist:hip (mean ± SD) | .94 ± .09 | .96 ± .08 | .002 |
| Low-density lipoproteins—mg/dl (mean ± SD) | 120 ± 35 | 113 ± 32 | .06 |
| High-density lipoproteins—mg/dl (mean ± SD) | 50 ± 15 | 47 ± 13 | .04 |
| Triglycerides—mg/dl (mean ± SD) | 168 ± 109 | 190 ± 113 | .06 |
| Lipid treatment—no. (%) | 475 (46%) | 52 (55%) | .10 |
| Pulse pressure—mmHg (mean ± SD) | 51.9 ± 13.3 | 57.5 ± 14.4 | .0001 |
| Hypertension treatment—no. (%) | 576 (56%) | 58 (62%) | .30 |
| Family history CAD—no. (%) | 188 (18%) | 26 (28%) | .03 |
| Peripheral vascular disease—no. (%) | 86 (8%) | 17 (18%) | .002 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use—no. (%) | 392 (38%) | 42 (45%) | .22 |
| Beta-blocker use—no. (%) | 98 (10%) | 11 (12%) | .50 |
| Statin use—no. (%) | 389 (38%) | 48 (51%) | .01 |
| Current smoking—no. (%) | 95 (9%) | 12 (13%) | .27 |
| Aspirin—no. (%) | 447 (44%) | 54 (57%) | .01 |
CAN: cardiac autonomic neuropathy; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; HR-DB: heart rate changes during deep breathing; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
a
Numbness, tingling or pain in extremities; diminished sensation, vibration or reflex.
b
Gastric bloating, postural dizziness, or erectile dysfunction.
c
Lowest quartile of Valsalva is ⩽1.37 with Anscore or 1.17 with Holter.
d
Lowest quartile of Standing heart rate is ⩽ 1.14 with Anscore or 1.11 with Holter.
e
SBP change on standing. Lying systolic blood pressure minus standing systolic blood pressure.