Butkovic 2005.
Methods | Parallel‐group randomized trial, conducted in Croatia. Study dates not reported. | |
Participants | 120 children (5 ‐ 14 years) undergoing hernia repair, circumcision, or orchidopexy. Exclusion: children predisposed to nausea and vomiting secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, motion sickness, and inner ear or central nervious system disorders. | |
Interventions | Group 1: laser acupuncture on P6 acupoint bilaterally for 1 min, 15 min before induction of anaesthesia and IV infusion of saline (n = 40). Group 2: metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg IV and sham laser on P6 acupoint bilaterally for 1 min, 15 min before induction of anaesthesia (n = 40). Group 3: sham laser stimulation on P6 acupoint bilaterally for 1 min, 15 min before induction of anaesthesia and saline infusion (n = 40). |
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Outcomes | Vomiting (0 ‐ 2 h), risk of rescue antiemetic drug. | |
Notes | Rescue antiemetic was ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg IV if vomiting was severe. No details about funding source or any declarations of interest among authors. | |
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information. |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information. |
Blinding of patients (performance bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Authors took adequate steps to make intervention appear similar. |
Blinding of healthcare providers (performance bias) All outcomes | Low risk | "Researchers were double‐blinded" but no specific details about how blinding was achieved. Comment: probably done. |
Blinding of outcome assessor (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | "Researchers were double‐blinded" but no specific details about how blinding was achieved. Comment: probably done. |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | No missing data reported for the 120 children analysed. |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | High risk | Description of side effects not included. Nausea not reported because it may be difficult to assess in children. |
Other bias | Low risk | Baseline characteristics were comparable. "Demographic data showed no significant difference among groups". |