Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2015 Nov 16;132(24):2305–2315. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341

Table 3.

HRs (95% CI) for the association between consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee, and decaffeinated coffee and risk of mortality among never smokers

Total coffee
Intake (cups/d) 0 ≤ 1 cup/d 1.1-3 cups/d 3.1-5 cups/d >5 cups/d Per cup
increase		 P for non-
linearity* 		P for linear
trend
Cases/Person-time 2,190/
704,010		 3,032/
638,687		 3,759/
779,966		 1,211/
262,069		 313/
67,238
NHS
Age-adjusted model 1.00 0.92
(0.85, 0.99)		 0.80
(0.74, 0.86)		 0.73
(0.66, 0.80)		 0.76
(0.65, 0.88)		 0.93
(0.91, 0.95)		 0.09 < 0.001
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.92
(0.85, 0.99)		 0.88
(0.81, 0.95)		 0.84
(0.76, 0.92)		 0.82
(0.71, 0.96)		 0.96
(0.95, 0.98)		 0.09 < 0.001
NHS 2
Age-adjusted model 1.00 0.84
(0.71, 0.98)		 0.84
(0.72, 0.98)		 0.76
(0.60, 0.97)		 0.85
(0.55, 1.32)		 0.95
(0.91, 1.00)		 0.20 0.07
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.89
(0.76, 1.05)		 0.98
(0.84, 1.15)		 0.88
(0.69, 1.13)		 0.91
(0.59, 1.42)		 1.00
(0.95, 1.05)		 0.77 0.96
HPFS
Age-adjusted
model		 1.00 0.99
(0.90, 1.08)		 0.96
(0.88, 1.05)		 0.83
(0.73, 0.95)		 1.06
(0.84, 1.33)		 0.96
(0.94, 0.99)		 0.20 0.005
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.98
(0.89, 1.08)		 0.97
(0.88, 1.06)		 0.84
(0.73, 0.97)		 0.98
(0.78, 1.24)		 0.96
(0.94, 0.99)		 0.38 0.009
Pooled
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.94
(0.89, 0.99)		 0.92
(0.87, 0.97)		 0.85
(0.79, 0.92)		 0.88
(0.78, 0.99)		 0.97
(0.95, 0.98)		 0.32 < 0.001
Caffeinated coffee
Intake (cups/d) 0 ≤ 1 cup/d 1.1-3 cups/d 3.1-5 cups/d >5 cups/d Per cup
increase		 P for non-
linearity* 		P for linear
trend
Cases/Person-time 3,702/
962,732		 3,637/
771,531		 2,409/
542,629		 595/
138,375		 162/
36,700
NHS
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.95
(0.89, 1.01)		 0.89
(0.83, 0.96)		 0.84
(0.75, 0.94)		 0.82
(0.67, 1.00)		 0.96
(0.94, 0.98)		 0.34 < 0.001
NHS 2
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.99
(0.85, 1.15)		 1.07
(0.90, 1.27)		 1.05
(0.78, 1.42)		 1.04
(0.60, 1.81)		 1.02
(0.98, 1.08)		 0.95 0.42
HPFS
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 1.03
(0.95, 1.11)		 0.92
(0.84, 1.02)		 0.95
(0.80, 1.14)		 1.06
(0.78, 1.44)		 0.97
(0.95, 1.00)		 0.76 0.08
Pooled
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.98
(0.93, 1.03)		 0.92
(0.87, 0.97)		 0.89
(0.81, 0.97)		 0.90
(0.77, 1.06)		 0.97
(0.95, 0.99)		 0.40 < 0.001
Decaffeinated
coffee
Intake (mg/d) 0 ≤ 1 cup/d 1.1-3 cups/d >3 cups/d Per cup
increase		 P for non-
linearity* 		P for linear
trend
Cases/Person-time 5,436/
1,423,563		 3,775/
799,017		 1,084/
191,219		 210/
38,171
NHS
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.97
(0.91, 1.03)		 0.92
(0.85, 1.00)		 0.97
(0.82, 1.14)		 0.97
(0.93, 1.00)		 0.56 0.03
NHS 2
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.82
(0.70, 0.95)		 0.87
(0.65, 1.16)		 0.70
(0.33, 1.47)		 0.93
(0.83, 1.04)		 0.06 0.21
HPFS
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.96
(0.88, 1.03)		 0.94
(0.83, 1.06)		 0.70
(0.52, 0.95)		 0.98
(0.93, 1.02)		 0.61 0.33
Pooled
Multivariate-
adjusted model		 1.00 0.95
(0.91, 0.99)		 0.93
(0.86, 0.99)		 0.89
(0.77, 1.02)		 0.97
(0.94, 0.99)		 0.18 0.02
*

A likelihood ratio test was performed.

Multivariate-adjusted model: further adjusted for baseline disease status (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes), BMI (< 20.9, 21-22.9, 23-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, ≥ 35 kg/m2), physical activity (< 3, 3-8.9, 9-17.9, 18-26.9, ≥ 27 MET-h/wk), overall dietary pattern (AHEI score, in quintiles), total energy intake (quintiles), sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (quintiles) and alcohol consumption (0, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, ≥ 15 g/d). We additionally adjusted for menopausal status (yes vs. no), and postmenopausal hormone use (yes vs. no) for women. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee adjusted for each other.