Table 4.
Multivariate HRs (95% CI) for the association between consumption of total coffee and risk of cause-specific mortality among never smokers
| 0 | ≤ 1 cup/d | 1.1-3 cups/d | 3.1-5 cups/d | >5 cups/d | P for nonlinearity* |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CVD mortality
(2587 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) |
0.94 (0.84, 1.05) |
0.81 (0.70, 0.95) |
0.91 (0.71, 1.17) |
0.77 |
|
CHD mortality
(1815 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) |
0.90 (0.79, 1.03) |
0.81 (0.68, 0.98) |
0.89 (0.66, 1.20) |
0.90 |
|
Stroke mortality
(656 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) |
1.01 (0.80, 1.27) |
0.76 (0.56, 1.04) |
0.93 (0.56, 1.54) |
0.81 |
|
Cancer mortality
(3664 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) |
0.99 (0.90, 1.08) |
0.88 (0.77, 0.99) |
0.84 (0.68, 1.03) |
0.34 |
|
Colorectal cancer mortality
(380 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) |
0.92 (0.69, 1.23) |
0.92 (0.63, 1.33) |
0.94 (0.51, 1.75) |
0.78 |
|
Lung cancer mortality
(217 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) |
1.14 (0.76, 1.71) |
1.15 (0.70, 1.90) |
0.89 (0.37, 2.12) |
0.32 |
|
Pancreatic cancer mortality
(321 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.47 (1.04, 2.06) |
1.10 (0.78, 1.55) |
1.06 (0.69, 1.62) |
0.41 (0.15, 1.14) |
0.056 |
|
Breast cancer mortality
(567 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) |
0.91 (0.72, 1.14) |
0.79 (0.58, 1.07) |
0.62 (0.36, 1.09) |
0.84 |
|
Premenopausal breast cancer
mortality (77 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | NA | |||||
|
Postmenopausal breast cancer
mortality (490 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.21) |
0.83 (0.64, 1.07) |
0.79 (0.57, 1.08) |
0.67 (0.38, 1.18) |
0.57 |
|
Ovary cancer mortality
(250 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.05) |
0.85 (0.61, 1.19) |
0.51 (0.31, 0.83) |
0.63 (0.30, 1.33) |
0.71 |
|
Endometrial cancer mortality
(115 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.55, 1.80) |
1.24 (0.72, 2.15) |
0.90 (0.43, 1.85) |
2.17 (0.94, 5.05) |
0.26 |
|
Prostate cancer mortality
(210 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) |
0.87 (0.59, 1.28) |
0.74 (0.42, 1.29) |
0.83 (0.30, 2.35) |
0.42 |
|
Respiratory disease mortality
(385 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) |
0.88 (0.66, 1.19) |
0.94 (0.65, 1.36) |
0.62 (0.30, 1.31) |
0.31 |
|
Neurological disease mortality
(243 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.62, 1.32) |
0.80 (0.55, 1.15) |
0.63 (0.39, 1.01) |
0.79 (0.38, 1.62) |
0.83 |
|
Diabetes mortality
(128 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.59, 1.56) |
0.67 (0.40, 1.11) |
0.76 (0.38, 1.49) |
0.76 (0.26, 2.20) |
0.19 |
|
Injury mortality
(233 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) |
0.90 (0.62, 1.31) |
0.71 (0.42, 1.22) |
1.28 (0.62, 2.65) |
0.28 |
|
Suicide mortality
(134 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.36 (0.88, 2.10) |
0.73 (0.45, 1.21) |
0.64 (0.30, 1.35) |
0.80 (0.24, 2.65) |
0.58 |
|
Other disease mortality
(3108 cases) |
||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) |
0.81 (0.73, 0.90) |
0.81 (0.71, 0.93) |
0.94 (0.76, 1.16) |
0.011 |
A likelihood ratio test was performed.
The model adjusted for age, baseline disease status (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes), BMI (< 20.9, 21-22.9, 23-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, ≥ 35 kg/m2), physical activity (< 3, 3-8.9, 9-17.9, 18-26.9, ≥ 27 MET-h/wk), overall dietary pattern (AHEI score, in quintiles), total energy intake (quintiles), sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (quintiles) and alcohol consumption (0, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, ≥ 15 g/d). We additionally adjusted for menopausal status (yes vs. no), and postmenopausal hormone use (yes vs. no) for women. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee adjusted for each other.