Table 2.
Individual primary study information for treatment vs. control comparisons
| Study & Location | Sample | Methods | Intervention | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alhalaiqa et al., 20129 Great Britain |
N: 136 Mean meds: 3.3 Health: 100% HTN % female: 53.7 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: Yes % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: NA Interventionist: NA Content: Drug education, problem solving, thought restructuring Target: Medication adherence (MA) only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 7 sessions, 20 min each |
3.293 |
| Austin, 198611 United States |
N: 30 Mean meds: 3.1 Health: 100% HTN, 30% diabetes, 13% cardiac, 10% kidney disease, 3% gallbladder disease, 10% stroke, 17% other % female: 57 % non-Caucasian: 100 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Social Cognitive Theory Interventionist: Registered nurse Content: Improve self-management skills, self-monitoring of MA and BP, feedback about MA and BP, habit linking, rewards, social support Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 3 sessions, 45 min each |
0.277 |
| Burrelle, 198613 United States |
N: 16 Mean meds: 5.94 Health: 100% HTN % female: 75 % non-Caucasian: 75 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Nurse, pharmacist, social worker Content: Medication-taking calendar, disease/drug education, pill boxes Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 1 session |
2.303 |
| Cook et al., 201014 United States |
N: 10 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% glaucoma % female: 42 % non-Caucasian: 58.3 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 16.7 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Motivational interviewing Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Motivational interviewing, barriers management, problem solving education/counseling Target: MA only materials, drug Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, written Dose: 3 in-person sessions, 30–45 min each, 3 telephone contacts, 5–10 min each |
1.295 |
| De Geest et al., 200615 Switzerland |
N: 13 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% kidney transplant % female: 21.4 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 98 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: No % Attrition: 28 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Nurse Content: Drug education, monitoring MA by device with feedback about MA, goal setting, problem solving, habit linking, patient empowerment, self-efficacy enhancement, self-management education Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone Dose: 4 sessions |
0.047 |
| Freedman, 200717 United States |
N: 16 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 81.3 % non-Caucasian: 75 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: NA Interventionist: NA Content: Disease/drug education, improve patient communication with provider, goal setting, problem solving, stress management, investigator-formed support group Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 8 sessions, 90 min each |
0.386 |
| Gamble et al., 201118 Ireland |
N: 18 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% asthma % female: 85 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 50 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 10 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: Cognitive-behavioral Theory, motivational interviewing, Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model Interventionist: Nurse Content: Motivational interviewing, behavior modification, disease/drug education Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 8 sessions |
1.431 |
| Glanz et al., 201219 United States |
N: 246 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% glaucoma % female: 37.5 % non-Caucasian: 90.7 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: No Blinded: No % Attrition: 5 ITT: NA Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Automated delivery Content: Disease/drug education, barriers management, problem solving Target: MA only Delivery: Telephone, mail Dose: 12 phone calls, 12 mailings |
−0.031 |
| Harper, 198421 United States |
N: 59 Mean meds: 5.25 Health: 100% HTN, 70% osteoarthritis, 55% cardiac disease, 45% diabetes % female: 100 % non-Caucasian: 100 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 1.7 ITT: NA Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: Orem’s Self-care Theory, General System Theory Interventionist: Nurse Content: Drug education, rewards, habit linking, cues/prompts, special labelling, side effects management Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 4 sessions |
1.047 |
| Haynes et al., 197622 Canada |
N: 38 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HTN, mean 3.4 other chronic illnesses % female: 0 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: No Blinded: Yes % Attrition: 2.6 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill count |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Drug reminder chart, habit linking, self-monitoring of medication taking, symptoms, cues/prompts Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 13 sessions, 30 min each |
0.569 |
| Kalichman et al., 201125 United States |
N: 39 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 35.0 % non-Caucasian: 92.5 % MA criterion: 95 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: Yes % Attrition: 2.5 ITT: Yes Comparison: Attention control Tx fidelity: 99% MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Self-regulation Theory, Self-management Theory Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Improve self-management skills, barriers management, goal setting, problem solving, pill boxes, cues/prompts, habit linking, disease/drug education, drug counseling, diary to self-monitor MA, feedback about MA Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone Dose: 5 sessions |
0.460 |
| Kogos, 200426 United States |
N: 30 Mean meds: NA Health: various unspecified chronic illnesses % female: 0 % non-Caucasian: 27.0 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: Attention control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: Health Belief Model Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Barriers management, contracting, goal setting, problem solving, self-monitor medication taking, self-management education, intervention delivered in both group and individual contexts Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 5 sessions, 60 min each |
−0.312 |
| Levensky, 200629 United States |
N: 53 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 15 % non-Caucasian: 22 % MA criterion: 90 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 1.9 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: Motivational interviewing, Theory, Problem-solving Theory Social Cognitive Interventionist: Nurse, unspecified other HCP, person other than HCP Content: Motivational interviewing, behavior modification, self-efficacy enhancement, contracting/commitment to increased MA, barriers management, problem solving, goal setting, rewards, pill boxes, habit linking, diary o self-monitor MA, disease/drug education, drug counseling, simplifying medication regimen, side effects management, improve patient communication with health care provider, teach provider skills to improve communication with patient and promote MA; improve integration of health care Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, written materials Dose: 3–4 sessions depending on patient needs |
0.393 |
| Matteson, 201131 United States |
N: 5 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% inflammatory bowel disease % female: 42.1 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 85 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: Attention control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Continuous Self-improvement Framework Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse Content: Behavior modification, personal system change, habit linking, feedback about MA, drug education Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 1 session averaging 32.5 min |
1.821 |
| McPherson-Baker et al., 200032 United States |
N: 42 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 0 % non-Caucasian: 88.1 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: Health BeliefModel Interventionist: Pharmacist Content: Disease/drug education, barriers management, problem solving, behavior rehearsal, modeling medication-taking behaviors, improve self-management skills Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 5 sessions, 20–25 min each |
1.475 |
| Migneault et al., 201233 United States |
N: 337 Mean meds: 5.1 Health: 100% HTN, 37% diabetes, 7.7% history of stroke % female: 70.4 % non-Caucasian: 100 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Motivational interviewing, Social Cognitive Theory, Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model Interventionist: Automated delivery Content: Motivational interviewing, drug education/counseling, self-monitoring of BP, feedback about MA Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Telephone Dose: 8 contacts |
0.233 |
| Mitchell, 199334 United States |
N: 109 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HTN % female: 61 % non-Caucasian: 5 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: NA ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: self-report |
Theory: Health Promotion Model, Social Cognitive Theory Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse Content: Self-efficacy enhancement, value clarification, goal setting, problem solving, barriers management, monitoring MA by device with feedback about MA Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone Dose: 4 sessions |
−0.315 |
| Moitra et al., 201135 United States |
N: 10 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 7.7 % non-Caucasian: 84.6 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 67.7 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Acceptance and Commitment Theory Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Acceptance and commitment therapy, goal setting, self-re-evaluation, disease/drug education, drug counseling, investigator-formed support group Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 4 sessions, 60 min each |
0 |
| Murphy et al., 200237 United States |
N: 33 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 12.0 % non-Caucasian: 64 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 36.5 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Cognitive-behavioral Theory, Social Cognitive Theory Interventionist: Nurse, person other than HCP Content: Behavior and cognitive modification, disease/drug education, cues/prompts, barriers management, goal setting, problem solving, relapse prevention, improve patient ability to communicate with provider, social support via experimenter-formed group Target: MA and exercise Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 5 sessions |
0.795 |
| Murphy et al., 200738 United States |
N: 141 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 17.6 % non-Caucasian: 70.4 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: NA ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Cognitive-behavioral Theory, Social Cognitive Theory Interventionist: Nurse, person other than HCP Content: Behavior and cognitive modification; disease education, cues/prompts, barriers management, problem solving, rewards, diary to self-monitor MA, improve patient ability to communicate with provider, social support via investigator-formed group Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 5 sessions, 90 min + 4 sessions, 60 min |
0.249 |
| Nietert et al., 200939 United States |
N: 2,032 Mean meds: NA Health: 56.4% HTN or heart failure, 11.3% diabetes, 17.4% hyperlipidemia, 14.2% depression % female: NA % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: NA Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Pharmacist, person other than HCP Content: Drug education, telephone prompts to remind patient to refill prescriptions, barriers management, problem solving Target: MA only Delivery: Telephone Dose: NA |
−0.012 |
| Nietert et al., 200939 United States |
N: 2,030 Mean meds: NA Health: 56% HTN or heart failure, 11.3% diabetes, 17.3% hyperlipidemia, 14.9% depression % female: NA % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: NA Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: NA Interventionist: None Content: Patient prescription refill information faxed to physician along with written prompts for physicians to encourage patients’ medication persistence Target: MA only Delivery: FAX sent to patients’ physicians Dose: NA |
−0.061 |
| Okeke et al., 200941 United States |
N: 66 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% glaucoma % female: 45.5 % non-Caucasian: 62.1 % MA criterion: 75 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: NA Content: Disease/drug education, barriers self-management, problem solving, cues/prompts, habit linking, drug reminder chart, diary to monitor MA, social support Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, video Dose: 10 sessions |
0.844 |
| Oser, 200842 United States |
N: 22 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HTN % female: 0 % non-Caucasian: 54.5 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Pill counts |
Theory: Cognitive-behavioral Theory, motivational interviewing Interventionist: NA Content: Motivational interviewing, behavior modification, decisional balance activities, thought restructuring, self-re-evaluation, barriers management, problem solving, goal setting, habit linking, rewards, diary to self-monitor MA, relapse prevention, improve patient communication with provider, drug education, social support Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Written materials Dose: 1 contact |
0.405 |
| Ramirez Canada-Garcia & Cote, 201243 |
N: 44 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 9.8 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: 13.7 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Social Cognitive Theory, Persuasion Theory Interventionist: Nurse Content: Self-efficacy enhancement, thought restructuring, problem solving, goal setting, improve patient communication with provider, social support, drug education, side effects management Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 4 sessions, 60 min each |
−0.411 |
| Remien et al., 200544 United States |
N: 115 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 46 % non-Caucasian: 86 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: Yes % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Ewart’s Social Action Theory Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse Content: Cognitive modification, behavior modification, disease/drug education, barriers management, problem solving, social support Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 4 sessions, 45–60 min each |
0.184 |
| Rosen et al., 200745 United States |
N: 56 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 41 % non-Caucasian: 59 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Monitoring MA by device with feedback about MA, payment for taking medications, cues/prompts Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 16 sessions |
0.507 |
| Ruppar, 201046 United States |
N: 15 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HTN % female: 73 % non-Caucasian: 33 % MA criterion: 85 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Self-Regulation Theory Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse Content: Disease/drug education, habit linking, BP self-monitoring, MA self-monitoring using electronic device, feedback about BP and MA, goal setting, pill boxes, special medication labels Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 5 sessions |
1.039 |
| Russell et al., 201047 United States |
N: 13 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% kidney transplant % female: 53 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 85 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 13.3 ITT: No Comparison: Attention control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Continuous System Improvement Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse Content: Personal system change; habit linking, goal setting, problem solving, monitoring MA by device with feedback about MA Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: 6 sessions |
1.3682 |
| Safren et al., 200150 United States |
N: 53 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 13 % non-Caucasian: 49 % MA criterion: 100 |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 5.4 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Cognitive-behavioral Theory, motivational interviewing, Problem solving Theory Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Motivational interviewing, cognitive and behavior modification, disease/drug education, habit linking, cues/prompts, pill boxes improved patient communication and shared decision-making with health care provider, problem solving, thought restructuring, guided imagery, side effects management Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, videotape Dose: 2 sessions |
0.060 |
| Safren et al., 200348 United States |
N: 44 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 20 % non-Caucasian: 47 % MA criterion: 90 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: NA ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: NA Content: Pager system for medication taking reminders Target: MA only Delivery: Telephone Dose: NA |
0.470 |
| Sorensen et al., 200751 United States |
N: 66 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 41 % non-Caucasian: 44 % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: Behavioral Modification Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Behavior modification, payment for taking medication Target: MA only Delivery: NA Dose: 24 contacts |
0.485 |
| Stewart et al., 200852 Australia |
N: 343 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HTN, 73.5% cardiovascular disease, including stroke, cardiac disease, 35.5% diabetes, 34.5% depression % female: 48.9 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: NA % Attrition: 13.2 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: Motivational interviewing Interventionist: Pharmacist Content: Motivational interviewing, medication review for appropriate prescription, self-monitor of symptoms/signs with feedback, drug education, pill boxes, cues/prompts to refill prescriptions, health care provider improved skills to enhance patient MA, health care integration Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, text messages, mail, written materials Dose: NA |
0.122 |
| Taylor, et al., 200353 United States |
N: 69 Mean meds: 6 Health: 76.8% HTN, 55% hyperlipidemia, 42% diabetes, 14.5% anti-coagulant therapy, 12% osteoarthritis % female: 68.1 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 14.8 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Pharmacist Content: Disease/drug education, medication review and reduction in number of prescriptions to increase MA, problem solving, pill boxes, teach skills related to administering medications and self-monitoring of signs Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: Number of sessions determined by frequency of clinic visits, 20 min each |
1.223 |
| Van Servellen et al., 200555 United States |
N: 69 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 9.9 % non-Caucasian: 100 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 18.8 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Advanced practice nurse, person other than HCP Content: Disease/drug education, increase health literacy, motivational interviewing, empower patients to improve communication with providers; problem solving, barriers management, stress management, social support Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, telephone, videotape, written materials Dose: NA |
0.074 |
| Vervloet et al., 201256 Netherlands |
N: 104 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% Type 2 diabetes % female: 45.2 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 12.6 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Automated delivery Content: Real-time electronic monitoring of medication-taking with transmission of short text-message reminders Target: MA only Delivery: Text messages Dose: NA |
0.544 |
| Villeneuve et al., 201057 Canada |
N: 225 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% hyperlipidemia, 64% HTN, 43% diabetes % female: 38 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Physician, pharmacist Content: Organizational improvement; improved integration of health care, teach provider skills to improve communication with patient and promote MA, patient/provider concordance, drug education, feedback to patients on symptoms/signs, goal setting Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Face-to-face, written materials Dose: NA |
0.105 |
| Wall, et al., 199558 United States |
N: 25 Mean meds: 3.0 Health: 100% HIV % female: 48 % non-Caucasian: 68 % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: 7.4 ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Electronic event monitoring device |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Registered nurse Content: Self-administration program with directly observed therapy, distance-to-pharmacy barriers management, charting MA as a clinical parameter, feedback about MA and clinical signs Target: MA only Delivery: Face-to-face Dose: 40 contacts |
0.175 |
| Watakakasol, 201059 United States |
N: 42 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% HIV % female: 40.5 % non-Caucasian: 7.1 % MA criterion: 95 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: Yes % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Patient medication administration diary |
Theory: Motivational interviewing, Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model Interventionist: Person other than HCP Content: Motivational interviewing, decisional balance and decision-making activities related to MA, problem solving, rewards, intervention targeted to subject’s stage of change Target: MA only Delivery: Telephone Dose: 1 session, 60 min |
−0.199 |
| Wu et al., 200660 Hong Kong, China |
N: 442 Mean meds: 6 Health: various unspecified chronic illnesses % female: 51 % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: 80 |
Randomized: Yes Allocation concealed: Yes Blinded: No % Attrition: 0 ITT: Yes Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Self-report |
Theory: NA Interventionist: Pharmacist Content: Drug education, telephone conversations to encourage MA and self-monitoring of symptoms/side effects Target: MA and additional health behaviors Delivery: Telephone Dose: 7 contacts, 5–10 min each |
0.607 |
| Zuckerman et al., 200461 United States |
N: 1,675 Mean meds: NA Health: 100% coronary artery disease % female: NA % non-Caucasian: NA % MA criterion: NA |
Randomized: No Allocation concealed: NA Blinded: NA % Attrition: NA ITT: No Comparison: True control Tx fidelity: NA MA Measure: Prescription refills |
Theory: NA Interventionist: NA Content: Teach physicians skills to enhance patient MA Target: MA only Delivery: Written materials mailed to patients’ physicians Dose: NA |
0.134 |
Abbreviations and definitions: BP, blood pressure; HCP, health care provider; HTN, hypertension; MA, medication adherence; NA, not addressed; N, total number of subjects at outcome assessment ; % MA criterion, maximum adherence level for eligibility; Blinded, data collectors masked to group assignment; ITT, intention-to-treat analysis; Tx fidelity, treatment fidelity; Target, intervention focused on MA exclusively or MA plus other health behaviors; Effect size, standardized mean difference effect size.