. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Res Social Adm Pharm. 2015 Jun 15;12(2):218–246. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.06.001

Table 3.

Random effects medication adherence estimates and tests

	k	Effect size	p (ES)	95% Confidence interval	Standard error	I²	Q	p(Q)
Treatment vs. control comparisons^a	40	0.301	<.001	0.186, 0.415	0.058	68.472	123.701	<.001
Treatment subjects pre-post comparisons^b	36	0.533	<.001	0.404, 0.663	0.066	70.189	117.403	<.001
Control subjects pre-post comparisons	24	0.011	.861	−0.115, 0.138	0.064	59.535	56.840	<.001

k denotes number of comparisons. Q is a conventional heterogeneity statistic. I² is the percentage of total variation among studies’ observed effect size due to heterogeneity.

One comparison excluded as an outlier. The overall effect size with inclusion of outlier was 0.423 (SE = 0.079, 95% CI: 0.277, 0.587).

Two comparisons excluded as outliers. The overall effect size with inclusion of outliers was 0.618 (SE = 0.084, 95% CI: 0.454, 0.783).