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. 2015 Sep 22;91:56–67. doi: 10.1007/s12565-015-0300-3

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© The Author(s) 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Diagram showing a the chemical formulas of the two most popular β-galactosidase substrates: X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) and Salmon-gal (S-gal, 6-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside); b the structure of NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium), TNBT (tetranitroblue tetrazolium) and INT (iodonitrotetrazolium); c the mechanism of the traditional β-galactosidase staining utilizing X-gal in combination with ferric and ferrous ions; d the mechanism of the modified β-galactosidase staining with NBT as substitute for ferric and ferrous ions