Table 1.

Studies investigating associations between neighbourhood-level socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease mortality

Reference	Age of participants, years	Setting	Area or neighbourhood socioeconomic measure used	Relative risks (95% CI)
Smith et al4	45–64	Renfrew and Paisley, Scotland	Carstairs deprivation score (based on male unemployment, overcrowding, car ownership, proportion in social classes IV and V)	HR for most deprived vs least deprived categories 1.26 (1.04 to 1.52) for men 1.33 (1.05 to 1.69) for women
Waitzman and Smith9	25–74	USA—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	Federally defined poverty areas of residence based on census tracts	RR for poverty-area vs non-poverty area 1.90 (1.24 to 2.90) in 25–54 years 0.83 (0.66 to 1.03) in 55–74 years
Diez Roux et al5	≥65	USA—Forsyth Co, North Carolina; Washington Co, Maryland; Sacramento Co, California and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Neighbourhood deprivation score based on census (household income, value of housing units, education and occupation)	HR for most vs least disadvantaged tertiles 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) in Caucasian participants 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) in African–American participants
Borrell et al3	45–64	USA—Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; the northwestern suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland	Neighbourhood deprivation score based on census (household income, value of housing units, education and occupation)	HR for most vs least disadvantaged tertiles 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) in Caucasian participants 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) in African-American participants
Steenland et al8	50–74	USA—Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort	Area-level socioeconomic status based on census data including household income, home value, occupation and education	RR for lowest vs highest area-level score group 1.46 (1.22 to 1.74) for men 1.33 (1.00 to 1.77) for women
Major et al6	50–71	USA—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Atlanta (Georgia) and Detroit (Michigan)	Neighbourhood deprivation index based on census data (housing, residential stability, poverty, employment, occupation, racial composition, education)	HR for highest vs lowest deprivation quintile 1.33 (1.19 to 1.49) for men 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) for women
Sanchez-Santos et al7	60–79	24 British towns	Index of multiple deprivation (income, employment, barriers to services, living environment)	HR per SD increase in deprivation score 1.22 (1.09 to 1.37) in women
Chan et al 201412	All ages	USA—458 counties	Community characteristics including US census data	Estimated increase in death per 100 000 from 25th to 75th centile—for education 19.92 (14.12 to 25.80); 16.06 (10.77 to 21.45) for employment in construction

HR, hazard ratio; RR, rate ratio.