Table 2.
Crude and multivariate logistic regression models for factors associated with access to HIV care and ARVs during pregnancy (n=756 pregnancies)
| Enrolled in HIV care | Accessed ARV drugs | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Category | OR | 95% CI | p (LRT) | aOR | 95% CI | p (LRT) | OR | 95% CI | p (LRT) | aOR | 95% CI | p (LRT) |
| Age* | 1.2 | 1.1 to 1.3 | <0.001 | 1.1* | 1.0 to 1.2 | 0.04 | 1.1 | 1.1 to 1.2 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 1.0 to 1.2 | 0.05 | |
| Year of pregnancy | 2005–2006 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||||
| 2007–2008 | 26.8 | 2.8 to 260 | 14 | 1.8 to 109 | 7.1 | 1.1 to 48 | 4.2 | 0.7 to 27 | |||||
| 2009–2010 | 1753 | 75 to >5000 | 481 | 35 to >5000 | 415 | 5.1 to 325 | 21 | 3.0 to 142 | |||||
| 2011–2012 | 7109 | 208 to >5000 | 1051 | 65 to >5000 | 207 | 21 to 2056 | 72 | 9.6 to 550 | |||||
| Residence area | Rural | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Roadside | 2.5 | 1.3 to 4.8 | 3.4 | 1.0 to 11 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 2.0 | |||||||
| Trading Centre | 1.6 | 0.8 to 3.2 | 2.8 | 0.8 to 9.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 to 1.9 | |||||||
| Marital status | Married now | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | ||||
| Never married | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 to 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 to 1.3 | |||||
| Married before | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 1.6 | |||||
| Education | At least P5 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.7 | ||||||||
| P1–4 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 1.9 | |||||||||
| no education | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.5 | |||||||||
| Religion | Catholic | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| Other Christian | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 to 1.5 | |||||||||
| Muslim | 1.5 | 0.3 to 7.1 | 2.6 | 0.6 to 11 | |||||||||
| Traditional | 0.5 | 0.1 to 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.4 to 6.5 | |||||||||
| Ethnicity | Sukuma | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.7 | ||||||||
| Other | 0.8 | 0.3 to 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 to 2.2 | |||||||||
| Personal income | Farming/manual | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.6 | ||||||||
| income | Some business | 1.0 | 0.5 to 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 2.2 | ||||||||
| None | 1.4 | 0.6 to 3.0 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 1.7 | |||||||||
| Gravidity (pregnancy number) | 1 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2.4 | 0.7 to 8.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 to 6.7 | |||||||||
| 3 | 2.3 | 0.7 to 8.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 to 7.0 | |||||||||
| 4 | 9.9 | 2.4 to 40 | 3.8 | 0.9 to 15 | |||||||||
| ≥5 | 21.2 | 4.6 to 99 | 7.7 | 1.9 to 31 | |||||||||
| Any children died | No | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| died | Yes | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.9 to 2.8 | ||||||||
| Duration of HIV infection | ≤2 years | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.002 | ||||
| >2–4 years | 3.3 | 1.4 to 7.6 | 1.7 | 0.6 to 5.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 to 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.3 | |||||
| >4 years | 20.7 | 6.9 to 61 | 7.4 | 2.1 to 25 | 6.4 | 2.7 to 15 | 3.7 | 1.2 to 11 | |||||
| Prior VCT | No | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.02 | ||||
| Yes | 6.7 | 3.5 to 13 | 2.2 | 0.9 to 5.8 | 5.4 | 2.8 to 11 | 2.5 | 1.1 to 5.8 | |||||
| Knowledge of HIV transmission | None | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| MTCT | 5.3 | 1.2 to 24 | 5.8 | 1.2 to 29 | |||||||||
| Other modes | 6.5 | 2.2 to 19 | 3.5 | 1.1 to 11 | |||||||||
| No prior report† | 2.6 | 1.0 to 7.3 | 1.7 | 0.6 to 5.1 | |||||||||
| ART knowledge‡ | ≤2 correct | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 3 correct | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 to 3.3 | |||||||||
| 4–5 correct | 4.5 | 1.6 to 13 | 5.3 | 1.8 to 16 | |||||||||
| No prior report† | 0.2 | 0.1 to 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 0.9 | |||||||||
| Relatives with/died from HIV | No | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.5 | 0.9 to 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 to 3.6 | |||||||||
| Know someone taking ART | No | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.1 | 1.2 to 3.8 | 2.0 | 1.1 to 3.7 | |||||||||
| Partner HIV status | Unknown § | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Positive | 0.2 | 0.0 to 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.4 | |||||||||
| Negative | 0.1 | 0.0 to 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.1 | |||||||||
| No spousal link | 0.4 | 0.2 to 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 to 0.9 | |||||||||
*Age modelled as a continuous variable, no evidence for departure from linearity (p=0.4 LRT).
†No prior report: knowledge data point after pregnancy, or from an earlier serosurvey questionnaire lacking the same question.
‡Statements: “Drugs can only slow down HIV illness not stop it”; “ART drugs are very dangerous and can kill people”; “ART drugs have to be used for life”; “ART drugs are available free of charge in Tanzania”; “Everyone who is infected with HIV needs drugs”.
§Unknown to the study investigators.
ART, antiretroviral treatment; ARV, antiretroviral; OR, OR (crude); aOR, adjusted OR; LRT, likelihood ratio test; MTCT, mother-to-child transmission; P1–5, primary level; VCT, voluntary counselling and testing.