Figure 5. HIV-1 increases TLR responses in NHA.

Cells were cultured in the presence of HIV-1_NL4-3 (X4) or HIV-1_Bal (R5) for 72 h before stimulation with poly (I:C), LPS or flagellin, and incubated for 24 h more at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. IL-8 (left) and IL-6 (right) productions are shown for R5 (a,b), or X4 (c,d) isolates. Graphs show mean ± S.E.M. of duplicate samples from four independent experiments. Significant differences *p ≤ 0.05 **p ≤ 0.01.