Table 1.
The principal in vivo studies using a collagen-based scaffold and the outcomes obtained
| Scaffold material | Cell lines and/or other components | MI model | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collagen | – | Mouse | Negative ventricular remodeling prevented, deterioration of heart function prevented, lack of inflammatory response, angiogenesis↑, fibrosis↓, cell death↓ | [26] |
| – | Mouse | Patch attached, colonization of patch by native cells, EF↑, FS↑, LV internal diameter↓, LV posterior wall dimension↑, fibrosis↓, dilatation of LV chamber↓, angiogenesis↑, no immunological response | [27] | |
| – | Rat | LV dilatation↓, LV inner and outer diameters↓, LV pressure-volume curve shift (to the left towards control), angiogenesis↑ | [28] | |
| Rat MSCs+interleukin-10 | Rat | LV EF↑, apoptosis↓, infarcted wall average thickness↑, ratio collagen III/I↑, regulatory macrophage markers↑ | [29] | |
| Rat ATDSCs | Rat | Evaluation of inflammatory response to diverse collagen scaffolds (non-crosslinked or crosslinked), presence of cells in the non-crosslinked scaffold | [30] | |
| Rat ATDSCs | Rat and pig | Rat: cell engraftment↑, LV EF↑, stiffer mechanical behavior, fibrosis↓, revascularization↑. Pig: LV EF↑, fibrosis↓, vascularization↑ | [31] | |
| Sheep adipose tissue MSCs | Sheep | LV end-diastolic dimension improvement, diastolic function↑, angiogenesis↑, fibrosis extension↓ | [32] | |
| Rat bone marrow MSCs | Rat | LV wall thickness↑, EF preservation, FS↑, fractional area change↑ | [33] | |
| Rat bone marrow MSCs | Rat | Infarcted segment perfusion↑, infarct area↓, contractility↑, low inflammation, angiogenesis↑, ventricular wall thickness↑, LV dilatation↓ | [34] | |
| Rat bone marrow MSCs+glycosaminoglycans | Rat | No inflammation, neovascularization↑, presence of cells | [35] | |
| Mouse Sca-1+ cells (collagen conjugated with anti-Sca-1 antibody) | Mouse | Number of infiltrated cells↑, capillary density↑, cell density↑, myocardium regeneration↑ | [36] | |
| Human mononuclear bone marrow stem cells | Human | No mortality or related adverse effects, New York Heart Association functional class↑, LV end-diastolic volume↓, LV filling deceleration time improvement, scar area thickness↑, EF↑ | [37, 38] | |
| Collagen+chitosan | Encapsulated thymosin β4 | Rat | Cardiac tissue loss↓, vascularization↑ | [25] |
| Integrin-binding, angiopoietin-1-derived peptide QHREDGS | Rat | Cardiac function↑, scar thickness and scar area fraction improved, presence of CMs↑, no inflammation | [39] | |
| Collagen+oligo (acryloyl carbonate)- poly(ethylene glycol)-oligo(acryloyl carbonate) | Rat bone marrow MSCs | Rat | Preserved EF, infarct size↓, LV wall thickness↑, vessel density↑ | [41] |
ATDSC adipose tissue-derived stem cell, CM cardiomyocyte, EF ejection fraction, FS fractional shortening, LV left ventricle/left ventricular, MI myocardial infarction, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, Sca stem cell antigen