Table 4.
Outcomes in function recovery after myocardial infarction following gelatin and Matrigel scaffold delivery
| Scaffold material | Cell lines and/or other components | MI model | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gelatin | Fetal rat ventricular cells | Rat | Scaffold adhered to tissue, presence of blood vessels, cell to cell linking and spontaneous contraction, no cardiac function improvements | [140] |
| Erythropoietin | Rabbit | LV end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions↓, LV EF↑, FS↑, ±dP/dt↑, erythrocyte number↑, hematocrit↑, infarct size↓, fibrosis↓, infarct border zone capillary density↑ | [142] | |
| bFGF | Rat | FS↑, infarct size↓, infarcted/non-infarcted wall thickness ratio↑, LV expansion index↓, capillary and arteriolar density↑, CM apoptosis↓ | [143] | |
| bFGF alone or with human bone marrow-derived MSCs or human cardiosphere-derived cells | Pig | bFGF alone: arterial vessels↑, myocardial perfusion↑, LV EF↑. With human cardiosphere-derived cells: LV EF↑, infarct volume↓, wall motion↑, differentiation to CM↑. With human bone marrow-derived MSCs: LV EF↑, infarct volume↓ | [144] | |
| Human cardiac-derived stem cells+bFGF | Human | No adverse side effects↑, LV EF↑, infarct size↓, maximal aerobic exercise capacity↑ | [145], NCT00981006 | |
| Matrigel | – | Rat | Capillary density↑ | [147] |
| – | Rat | LV EF↑, contractility↑, infarct wall thickness↑, angiogenesis↑, c-kit+and CD43+ stem cell myocardial homing↑ | [148] | |
| Rat adipose-derived stromal cells | Rat | LV EF↑, LV akinesis↓, contractility↑, infarcted area size↓ | [149] | |
| Mouse ESCs | Mouse | Connexin 43 expression, graft/infarct area↑, FS↑, LV wall thickness preservation | [150] | |
| Mouse ESCs | Rat | FS↑, myocardial wall thickness↑, LV dilatation prevention, connexin 43 and α-sarcomeric actin expression | [151] | |
| Human ESC-derived CMs with prosurvival cocktail | Rat | Cell engraftment↑, LV end-diastolic and systolic dimensions↓, FS↑, EF↑, infarcted area wall thickening↑ | [152] | |
| Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs | Mouse | No improvements in FS, EF, or LV diastolic end volume | [153] | |
| Matrigel+collagen | Rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts alone, with VEGF, or with bFGF | Rat | Three groups: cell survival↑, LV wall thickness↑, LV EF↑, FS↑. No significant additional improvements were observed with VEGF or bFGF | [154] |
| Rat myoblasts | Rat | Inflammatory response↑, FS↑, LV end-systolic diameter↓, scaffold vascularized | [155] | |
| Rat cardiac myocytes | Rat | No improvements in cardiac function or LV wall thickness, sarcomere integrity, vascularized and innervated graft, contraction preserved, electrical and mechanical coupling requires further evaluation | [156] | |
| Rat neonatal ventricular CMs | Rat | CM sarcomeric structural integrity, FS↑, anterior wall thickness↑, LV end-systolic diameter↓ | [157] | |
| Rat neonatal heart cells | Rat | Non-delayed electrical coupling, dilatation↓, systolic wall thickening↑, FS area↑ | [158] |
bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, CM cardiomyocyte; dP/dt change in pressure over time, EF ejection fraction, ESC embryonic stem cell, FS fractional shortening, LV left ventricle/left ventricular, MI myocardial infarction, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor