Table 5.

Myocardial infarction animal models and the progress in infarction regeneration for decellularized extracellular matrix-based scaffolds

Scaffold material	Cell lines and/or other components	MI model	Main results	References
Decellularized myocardial ECM	–	Rat	LV EF↑, LV bulging↓, infarct LV wall thickness↑, infarct expansion index↓	[166]
	–	Rat	Viable myocardium islands inside infarcted zone↑, no arrhythmia induction, proliferative cell density (mainly lymphocytes)↑, EF preservation	[167]
	–	Rat and pig	Rat: ECM biodegradable and biocompatible with host myocardium, absence of embolization or ischemia. Pig: LV EF↑, LV end diastolic and systolic volumes↓, contractility↑, global wall motion score↑, proportion of endocardial muscle↑, fibrosis↓, presence of neovascularization, unaltered cardiac rhythm or blood chemistry	[168]
Decellularized pericardium ECM	Rat bone marrow MSCs	Rat	LV cavity enlargement prevented, LV FS↑, LV end diastolic and systolic pressures improved, no apoptosis, microvessel density↑, differentiation to smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts, growth factor expression and cytokine release↑	[176]
	Rat bone marrow MSCs	Rat	LV FS↑, LV end diastolic and systolic pressure improvements, LV dilatation↓, absence of apoptosis, blood vessel density↑, differentiation into smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts	[177]
	bFGF	Rat	bFGF retention↑, arteriole density↑, confirmation of vessel functionality	[178]
	HGF fragment	Rat	LV remodeling prevention, fractional area change↑, arteriole density↑	[179]
Decellularized pericardium ECM+RAD16-I peptidic hydrogel	Porcine mediastinal ATDPCs	Pig	Infarct size↓, vascularization↑	[174]
SIS	–	Mouse	LV end systolic area↓, contractility↑, infarct size↓, capillary formation↑	[180]
	Rabbit MSCs	Rabbit	LV dimensions improved, anterior wall thickness↑, contractility↑, LV relaxation↑, vascular density↑, no immunological response, cardiac troponin T and α-smooth muscle actin expression	[181]
	bFGF	Rat	EF↑, LV end systolic and diastolic volumes↓, contractility↑	[182]
UBM	–	Pig	Smooth muscle cells↑, myofibroblast recruitment, inflammation↓, thrombus extension↓	[162]
	–	Dog	Myocyte recruitment with normal morphology and organization, myocyte proliferation↑, regional stroke work↑, systolic contraction↑	[185]
	Human MSCs (spheroid or non-manipulated)	Dog	Regional stroke work↑, systolic area contraction↑, organized sarcomeric structure	[186]

ATDPC adipose tissue-derived progenitor cell, bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, ECM extracellular matrix, EF ejection fraction, FS fractional shortening, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, LV left ventricle/left ventricular, MI myocardial infarction, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, SIS small intestine submucosa, UBM urinary bladder matrix