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. 2015 Nov 10;3(4):e1105907. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1105907

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Figure 1. — Illustration of the DVC-ICM setup. Double barrel pipet for topographical mapping (PE) and local potential measurement (UE) is attached to a piezo positioner. Reference electrode (RE), counter electrode (CE) and working electrode (WE) are controlled with home-built electrode controller to apply transmembrane potential across the epithelial monolayer. Two balance electrodes (BE1 and BE2) are used to control the intracellular potentials of 2 patched cells and to record the current flowing from or to BE1 or BE2 (i_BE1 or i_BE2) respectively. Upon the application of transmembrane potential, ion current flows across the epithelial cell layer through both paracellular pathways (i_para) and transcellular pathways (i_trans1 and i_trans2), and both i_trans are undesired background signal for the measurement of paracellular conductance.