Table 3.
Antimicrobial Treatment Regimens Received by N = 238 Children Aged 1–23 Months from 0 to 48 H After Presentation to a Tertiary Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, April 2012–October 2013
| N (column %) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 238)a | HIV-unexposed (N = 153) | HIV-EU (N = 64) | HIV-infected (N = 20) | |
| Received WHO antibiotic treatmentb | 150 (63.0) | 84 (54.9) | 46 (71.9) | 19 (95.0) |
| Amoxicillin (oral, >80 mg/kg per day)c,d | 12 (5.0) | 7 (4.6) | 5 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Ampicillin and gentamicin | 84 (35.3) | 53 (34.6) | 23 (35.9) | 7 (35.0) |
| Ampicillin and gentamicin only | 60 (25.2) | 41 (26.8) | 13 (20.3) | 5 (25.0) |
| Ampicillin, gentamicin and high-dose TMP-SMXe | 4 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.7) | 1 (5.0) |
| Switched to amoxicillin (oral) before 48 hc | 7 (2.9) | 5 (3.3) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Switched to 3rd-gen cephalosporin ± vancomycin before 48 h | 13 (5.5) | 7 (2.9) | 5 (7.8) | 1 (5.0) |
| 3rd-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or ceftriaxone) | 54 (22.7) | 24 (15.7) | 18 (28.1) | 12 (60.0) |
| 3rd-gen cephalosporin only | 23 (9.7) | 16 (10.5) | 4 (6.3) | 3 (15.0) |
| 3rd-gen cephalosporin with vancomycin | 12 (5.0) | 7 (4.6) | 3 (4.7) | 2 (10.0) |
| 3rd-gen cephalosporin and high-dose TMP-SMXe | 5 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (15.0) |
| 3rd-gen cephalosporin, vancomycin, and high-dose TMP-SMXe | 14 (5.9) | 1 (0.7) | 9 (14.1) | 4 (20.0) |
| Did not receive WHO antibiotic treatment | 88 (37.0) | 69 (45.1) | 18 (28.1) | 1 (5.0) |
| Did not receive antibiotics | 51 (21.4) | 41 (26.8) | 10 (15.6) | 0 (0) |
| WHO antibiotic regimen started >6 h after presentation | 17 (7.1) | 10 (6.5) | 7 (10.9) | 1 (5.0) |
| WHO antibiotics discontinued before 48 h after presentation | 20 (8.4) | 18 (11.8) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) |
Abbreviations: HIV-EU, human immunodeficiency virus–exposed uninfected; WHO, World Health Organization; TMP-SMX, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
aHIV exposure status could not be established for N = 1 child.
bChildren were considered to have received a WHO antibiotic regimen if they were on a regimen that included at least the recommended antibiotic(s), even if the child received additional antimicrobial agents.
cAmoxicillin is recommended only for treatment of nonsevere pneumonia in HIV-negative children; all N = 19 children who received this treatment were HIV-negative and had nonsevere disease.
dN = 7 children received treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate.
eN = 15 (65%) children who received high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole also received corticosteroids.