Table 1. . Summary of preclinical studies of dendritic cell vaccination previously reported in the literature.
| Study (year) | Cytokines used for DC differentiation | Antigen loading on DC | Vaccine injection site | Adjuvant therapy | Cell line | Host | Tumor injection site | Treatment initiation | Day of treatment | Survival >60 days | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liau (1999) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Acid-eluted tumor peptide |
s.c |
None |
9L |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
7 |
7, 14, 21 |
30% |
[55] |
| Akasaki (2001) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
DC chemically fused with irradiated tumor cells |
s.c. |
rIL-12 (i.p, d5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19) |
SR-B10.A |
B10.A mice |
Intracranial |
5 |
5, 12 |
50% |
[37] |
| Aoki (2001) |
GM-CSF |
Sonicated tumor cells |
i.p. |
SUV (small unilaminar vesicle, in vitro) |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
7 |
7, 14, 21 |
80% (d28) |
[39] |
| Ni (2001) |
GM-CSF with myc and raf |
Irradiated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
i.p. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 7, 10, 14 |
40% |
[56] |
| Insug (2002) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
RNA (transfection) |
i.p. |
rIL-12 (i.p., d1–5) |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-21 |
-21, -14, -7 |
100% |
[48] |
| Witham (2002) |
GM-CSF, IL-4, Flt3L |
UCN-01-treated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c |
None |
9L |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
0 |
0, 1, 4 |
0% |
[61] |
| Yamanaka (2002) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
None |
i.t. |
SFV-mediated IL-12 |
B16 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
7 |
7, 14, 21 |
40% |
[63] |
| Prins (2003) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
hgp100/TRP-2 peptides |
i.d. |
None |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
0 |
0 |
75% |
[58] |
| Takagi (2003) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
DC chemically fused with irradiated tumor cells |
s.c. |
None |
SR-B10.A |
B10.A mice |
Flank |
0 |
0, 7 |
40% (40d) |
[60] |
| Driessens (2004) |
GM-CSF |
Irradiated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c |
GM-CSF-secreting tumor |
9L |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
4 |
4, 11, 18 |
60% |
[44] |
| Herrlinger (2004) |
(GM-CSF, IL-4) |
Iradiated, GM-CSF and IL-4 transfected GL261 |
s.c. |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 10 |
100% |
[47] |
| Saito (2004) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Sonicated tumor cells |
i.t., s.c. |
pSV2muIFN-β(d7) |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3 |
50% |
[59] |
| Zhang (2004) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
RNA (coincubation) |
s.c. |
None |
G422 |
Kuming mice |
Intracranial |
4 |
4, 11, 18 |
0% |
[64] |
| Zhu (2005) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Heat-treated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c. |
None |
C6 |
Wister rats |
Intracranial |
ND |
Five-times weekly |
0% |
[65] |
| Pellegatta (2005) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
s.c. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
0 |
0, 7, 14 |
75% |
[57] |
| Kjaergaard (2005) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
DC electronically fused with irradiated tumor cells |
intrasplenic |
OX40R mAb |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
7 |
7 |
80% |
[53] |
| Kuwashima (2005) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Irradiated tumor cells with IL-4 transfection (apoptosis) |
i.t., s.c. (DC, tumor) |
IFN-α-producing DC, IL-4-secreting tumor |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
4 |
4 (d3, 5, 7 for tumor vaccine) |
55% |
[54] |
| Clavreul (2006) |
(GM-CSF) |
Irradiated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c. |
GM-CSF |
F98 |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
4 |
4 |
0% (n.s.) |
[43] |
| Kim (2006) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
s.c. |
rIL-12-producing DC |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-21 |
-21, -14, -7 |
70% |
[50] |
| Jouanneau (2006) |
GM-CSF, IL-4, Flt3L; Ribomunyl, IFN-γ |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
i.p. |
None |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-14 |
-14, -7 |
37.50% |
[49] |
| Ciesielski (2006) |
GM-CSF |
Human survivin (transfection) |
s.c. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-4 |
-4, +3, +10 |
0% |
[41] |
| Cho (2007) |
GM-CSF, IL-4; TNF-α, PGE2 |
Survivin fused to protein transduction domain of HIVtat |
s.c. |
None |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Flank |
10 |
10 |
75% |
[40] |
| Kim (2007) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
TAT–survivin |
s.c. |
TMZ (d3–6, i.p.) |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
13 |
13 |
40% |
[52] |
| Amano (2007) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
RHAMM–mRNA (transfection) |
i.p. |
None |
KR158B |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 10 |
15% |
[38] |
| Kim (2007) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
mTERT–mRNA (transfection) |
i.m. |
None |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-14 |
-14, -7 |
85% |
[51] |
| Grauer (2007) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
s.c. |
Anti-CD25 mAbs |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-14 |
-14, -7 |
80% |
[46] |
| Ciesielski (2008) |
GM-CSF with myc and raf |
Survivin 53–67 peptide |
s.c. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
4 |
4, 11, 18 |
25% |
[42] |
| Xu (2009) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Irradiated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c. |
None |
9L |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
7 |
7, 4, 21 |
30% |
[62] |
| Fujita (2009) |
GM-CSF; LPS; poly-ICLC, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-4 |
Garc177–85 + EphA2682–689 |
i.t., s.c. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
0 |
0, 10 |
75% |
[45] |
| Maes (2009) |
GM-CSF |
RNA of tumor cells (elactroporation) |
s.c. |
Anti-CD25 mAbs (day-21) |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
-7 |
-7 |
100% |
[66] |
| Jiang (2009) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
s.c. |
CXCL10/IP-10 (d5,10,15) |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
1 |
1, 8, 15 |
60% |
[67] |
| Saka (2010) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
IL13ra2-mRNA (transfection) |
s.c. |
None |
KR158B |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 10 |
0% |
[68] |
| Kim (2010) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
TMZ and radiation-treated tumor cells (apoptosis) |
s.c. |
TMZ (d2–6, i.p.) |
GL26 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
4 |
4, 11, 18 |
70% |
[69] |
| Xiao (2011) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
RNA of tumor stem cells (transfection) |
s.c. |
None |
9L |
Fischer 344 rats |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 10, 17 |
0% |
[70] |
| Mineharu (2011) |
hFlt3L, IL-6 |
Ad-TK/GCV-treated tumor cells (autophagy/apoptosis) |
i.t., s.c. |
CpG2006 (s.c., d10), Ad-TK/Flt3L (i.t., d10) |
CNS1/9L |
Lewis/Fisher rat |
Intracranial |
10/9 |
10, 17, 24/9, 16, 23 |
90%/83.3% |
[71] |
| Feng (2012) |
GM-CSF, IL-4; TNF-α, LPS |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
s.c. |
T cell (tail vein, d3) |
C6 |
Wister rats |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 7, 14 |
50% |
[72] |
| Zhang (2013) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Freeze-thawed tumor cells (necrosis) |
i.p. |
COX-2 inhibitor |
C6 |
Wistar rats |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 10, 17 |
50% |
[73] |
| Peng (2014) |
GM-CSF, IL-4 |
Ad-CPEB4 (transfection) |
s.c. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Flank |
7 |
7, 14 |
Not described |
[74] |
| Bu (2015) |
GM-CSF, IL-4; TNF-α |
Exoxome from DCs pulsed with chaperon-rich tumor lysate |
i.d. |
None |
GL261 |
C57BL/6 mice |
Intracranial |
3 |
3, 6, 9, 12 (every 3 days) |
60% |
[75] |
| Li (2015) | GM-CSF | EphA1-PE38 | i.t. | None | C6 | Wistar rats | Intracranial | 10 | 10, 13, 16, 19 (every 3 days) | Not given | [76] |
DC: Dendritic cell; Flt3L: Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; GCV: Gancyclovir; GM-CSF represents granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; i.d.: Intradermal; IL: Interleukin; i.p.: Intraperitoneal; i.t.: Intratumoral; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; mAb: Monoclonal antibody; s.c.: Subcutaneous; TK: Thymidine kinase; TMZ: Temozolomide.