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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 9.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Mater. 2015 Sep 28;27(46):7620–7637. doi: 10.1002/adma.201501810

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematics showing cellular responses during early (A) and sustained (B) reactive responses observed following neural device insertion. The early response (A) is characterized by a large region containing reactive astrocytes and microglia around inserted devices. The sustained response (B) is characterized by a compact sheath of cells around insertion sites. Inserts depict potential cell–cell interactions and signaling path ways. Neurons (pink), astrocytes (red), monocyte derived cells including microglia (blue), and vasculature (purple) are depicted. (C), (D) GFAP immunohistochemistry (Marker for astrocytes) of tissues slices from brains and (E), (F) ED1 immunohistochemistry (marker for microglia) of tissues slices due to the implantation of neural electrodes.. GFAP-immunohistochemistry (red) and nuclear staining (green) of devices removed from brains at 1 day (G) and 1 (H), 6 (I), and 12 (J) weeks post insertion. All scale bars = 100 μm. Reproduced with permission.[17] Copyright 2003.