Table 2.

Strategies and tactics used by the alcohol industry when attempting to influence marketing regulation.

Strategy	Tactic			Total number of papers, by geography a
(total number of uses identified)
Information (32)	Direct lobbying (meetings and correspondence with legislators/policymakers)			Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
				Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 1
				38
	Indirect lobbying (using third parties, including front groups, to lobby on the industry's behalf)			Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
	Establishing industry/government collaboration (e.g. via working group, technical group, advisory group)/work alongside policymakers providing technical support/advice/policy development or implementation			Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
	Evidence	Adding to the evidence base or shaping its understanding	Commissioning, writing (or ghost writing) or disseminating research/publicationsb	Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 1
				27
				Transnational – 1
				42
			Preparing position papers, technical reports or data on impacts (including economic impact studies)	Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 1
				38
				Transnational – 1
				42
			Selective citation of industry‐favourable evidence	Europe – 2
				27, 27
				Transnational – 1
				42
			Omission of evidence	Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
			Removing troubling phrases	Transnational – 1
				42
		Contesting nature of the evidence		Europe – 3
				27, 27, 27
				Transnational – 1
				42
Constituency building (16)	External constituency building		Forming alliances with and mobilising other industry sectors/business/trade organizations	Asia – 1
				32
				N. America – 1
				28
				Transnational – 2
				31, 41
			Media advocacy (press releases, publicity campaigns, public hearings, interviews)	Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 1
				38
			Forming alliances with or mobilising unions/civil society organizations/ consumers/employees/the public	Asia – 1
				32
				N. America – 1
				28
			Creation of front groups/astroturf/social aspect organizations	Asia – 2
				32, 32
				N. America – 1
				28
	Internal constituency building		Collaboration between companies/development of pan‐industry group or industry trade associationc	Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 2
				27, 36
				Transnational – 2
				41, 42
Policy substitution, development and implementationd (28)			Developing/promoting non‐regulatory initiative (generally seen to be ineffective/less effective, e.g. education programmes)	Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
				Europe – 3
				27, 27, 27
				N. America – 2
				28, 40
				Transnational – 1
				42
			Developing/promoting (new or existing) voluntary code/self‐regulation	Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
				Asia – 1
				32
				Australasia – 1
				35
				Europe – 6
				27, 27, 27, 36, 37, 38
				N. America – 1
				28
				Transnational – 1
				29
			Developing regulation from scratch and planning implementation	Africa – 4
				30, 30, 30, 30
Legal (3)			Using litigation/raising the prospect of legal action	Asia – 1
				32
				Europe – 1
				29
			Shaping international law	Transnational – 1
				29
Financial incentive or disincentive (1)			Threatening financial withdrawal	Asia – 1
				32

^aThis column shows the number of times each tactic was used by geography. If a tactic was referred to more than once (in one or more papers) regarding the same policy then it was only counted once; however, if it was referred to more than once about different policies then this was counted separately.

^bIncluding research/publications intended to undermine or misrepresent existing evidence.

^cRoutine use of a trade association was not counted, industry collaboration must have been more ‘active’.

^dIncludes efforts to prevent the implementation of anticipated policies