Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without diabetic nephropathy.
| Without diabetic nephropathy | With diabetic nephropathy | P ∗ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 486 | 382 | — |
| Sex (male/female) | 248/238 | 217/165 | 0.09 |
| Age (years) | 60.8 ± 11.7 | 61.6 ± 11.0 | 0.101 |
| Age at diagnosis of diabetes (years) | 51.2 ± 12.2 | 53.1 ± 11.8 | 0.030 |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 8.2 (5.6–12.1) | 9.3 (3.7–13.6) | 0.019 |
| Smoking (%) | 56 (11.5) | 49 (12.8) | 0.558 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 0.756 |
| Hypertension (%) | 144 (29.6) | 225 (58.9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.0 ± 17.5 | 141.4 ± 21.0 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.9 ± 11.3 | 82.9 ± 11.9 | 0.035 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.58 ± 2.26 | 8.51 ± 2.24 | 0.726 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 8.61 ± 3.32 | 8.59 ± 2.89 | 0.653 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 1.31 | 4.45 ± 1.29 | 0.695 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.36 (0.84–1.93) | 1.39 (0.87–2.16) | 0.630 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.06 ± 0.79 | 3.69 ± 0.81 | 0.009 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.89–1.32) | 1.10 (0.83–1.29) | 0.639 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 100 (20.6) | 244 (63.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic treatments | |||
| OHA (%) | 185 (38.1) | 101 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 130 (26.7) | 165 (43.2) | |
| Insulin + OHA (%) | 171 (35.2) | 116 (30.4) |
Data are means ± SD, medians (interquartile range), or n (%). ∗ P values were obtained by an unpaired Student's t-test analysis or χ 2 test, as appropriate. OHA, oral hyperglycemic agent.