Bradyrhizobium elkanii is able to induce nodules on Aeschynomene indica in a T3SS-dependent manner. (a) Number of nodules per plant elicited by B. elkanii USDA61, BEnodC, BErhcJ, BEttsnod and Bradyrhizobium ORS278 strain on A. indica plants at 14 days post inoculation (d.p.i.). Error bars represent s.d. (n=5). (b) Comparison of the growth of the plants (aerial part), non-inoculated (NI) or inoculated with B. elkanii USDA61 and Bradyrhizobium ORS278 (at 14 d.p.i.). (c–f) Nodules elicited by B. elkanii USDA61 (c), BEnodC (d), BErhcJ (e), ORS278 (f). Bars, 1 mm. (g) Transversal section of a nodule elicited by B. elkanii tagged with gusA and stained with X-Gluc. Bar, 200 μm. Black arrows indicate the presence of necrotic area. (h and i) Confocal microscopy observation of nodules elicited by B. elkanii tagged with GFP. Bars, 200 μm (h) and 10 μm (i). A full colour version of this figure is available at the ISME journal online.