Table 2. Comparison of the outcome measures between baseline (pre-test) and post-test assessments in the TTMW and control groups (repeated measures ANOVA).

Outcome	Group	Baseline	Post-test 1	Post-test 2	Post-test 3
Pain intensity (VAS 0–10 cm), mean (SE)	TTMW	5.4 (0.2)	4.1 (0.2)*	2.8 (0.1)*	0.08 (0.1)*
	C	5.2 (0.2)	4.9 (0.2)*	3.4 (0.2)*	1.8 (0.2)*
Pressure pain threshold (PPT: kg/cm2), mean (SE)	TTMW	1.9 (0.1)	2.7 (0.1)*	3.2 (0.1)*	3.9 (0.1)*
	C	1.7 (0.0)	1.7 (0.1)	2.0 (0.0)*	2.5 (0.0)*
Tissue hardness (%), Mean (SE)	TTMW	47.7 (1.2)	44.5 (1.2)*	42.1 (1.3)*	38.1 (1.4)*
	C	46.0 (1.1)	46.0 (1.1)	45.4 (1.2)*	44.5 (1.2)*
Cervical range of motion
Flexion (º), mean (SE)	TTMW	53.6 (1.7)	56.2 (1.7)*	58.7 (1.8)*	62.2 (1.5)*
	C	50.4 (2.1)	50.6 (2.1)*	52.7(2.1)*	54.7(2.1)*
Extension (º), mean (SE)	TTMW	56.2 (1.7)	59.7 (1.5)*	62.2 (1.3)*	66.3 (1.2)*
	C	52.7 (1.9)	52.7 (1.9)	54.6 (1.9)*	56.9 (1.8)*
Left lateral flexion (º) Mean (SE)	TTMW	41.1 (1.5)	45.6 (1.5)*	49.6 (1.6)*	54.0 (1.6)*
	C	39.5 (1.0)	39.6 (1.0)	41.3 (1.0)*	44.1 (0.9)*
Right lateral flexion (º) Mean (SE)	TTMW	39.3 (1.2)	43.4 (1.3)*	46.2 (1.3)*	49.3 (1.3)*
	C	36.2 (1.2)	36.4 (1.2)	39.1 (1.3)*	41.3 (1.4)*

TTMW: Wilai massage stick^TM; C: ibuprofen. *Significant improvement levels (p<0.05)