Table 2. Relationship between glycemic control according to HbA1c concentration and other factors (N=1,328).
| Characteristic | Glycemic control | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c≥6.5 | HbA1c<6.5 | ||
| Gender | Male | 502 (74.5) | 175 (25.5) |
| Female | 477 (71.3) | 174 (28.7) | |
| Age, yrs** | Mean±SD | 61.08±0.44 | 63.58±0.85 |
| Quartile of household income | Low | 317 (68.0) | 145 (32.0) |
| Middle-low | 215 (73.5) | 81 (26.5) | |
| Middle-high | 206 (76.8) | 61 (23.2) | |
| High | 197 (76.0) | 60 (24.0) | |
| Education level* | Elementary | 443 (67.8) | 187 (32.2) |
| Middle school | 168 (75.9) | 48 (24.1) | |
| High school | 238 (77.7) | 73 (22.3) | |
| College | 130 (79.1) | 40 (20.9) | |
| Smoking history | No | 771 (72.6) | 285 (27.4) |
| Yes | 207 (75.1) | 61 (24.9) | |
| Alcohol history | No | 239 (75.8) | 74 (24.2) |
| Yes | 739 (72.5) | 273 (27.5) | |
| Physical activity | No activity | 517 (73.7) | 185 (26.3) |
| Walking | 298 (75.0) | 93 (25.0) | |
| Moderate | 29 (62.7) | 12 (37.3) | |
| Vigorous | 38 (68.5) | 17 (31.5) | |
| Walking+moderate | 25 (52.7) | 13 (47.3) | |
| Walking+vigorous | 47 (79.0) | 13 (21.0) | |
| Walking+vigorous | 47 (79.0) | 13 (21.0) | |
| Resistance training | No | 734 (73.4) | 259 (26.6) |
| Yes | 244 (73.0) | 86 (27.0) | |
| Family history of DM* | No | 539 (72.2) | 189 (27.8) |
| Yes | 250 (79.3) | 75 (20.7) | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | No | 42 (85.4) | 9 (14.6) |
| Yes | 864 (74.7) | 280 (25.3) | |
| Hypertension** | No | 401 (77.9) | 115 (22.1) |
| Yes | 577 (69.3) | 234 (30.7) | |
| Stroke | No | 919 (73.2) | 324 (26.8) |
| Yes | 59 (71.0) | 25 (29.0) | |
| Coronary artery disease | No | 886 (73.4) | 306 (26.6) |
| Yes | 92 (68.9) | 43 (31.1) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | No | 970 (72.9) | 347 (27.1) |
| Yes | 9 (85.6) | 2 (14.4) | |
| DM duration, yrs*** | Mean±SD | 8.57±0.27 | 6.20±0.41 |
| Waist circumference, cm*** | Mean±SD | 87.67±0.46 | 85.10±0.54 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2** | Mean±SD | 25.10±0.18 | 24.22±0.22 |
| Daily fat intake, g | Mean±SD | 31.16±1.12 | 27.64±1.87 |
| Daily carbohydrate intake, g** | Mean±SD | 324.05±5.56 | 298.02±7.63 |
Unweighted number, weighted %. DM: diabetes mellitus. *p < 0.05 by χ2 test; **p < 0.01 by χ2 test; ***p < 0.001 by χ2 test