Table 3. Relationship between glycemic control and other factors based on logistic regression analysis (N=1,328).

Characteristic		Odds ratio	95% CI
Gender	Male	0.927	0.561–1.531
	Female	1.000
Age, yr	Mean±SD	1.001	0.975–1.028
Quartile of household Income	Low	0.987	0.488–1.995
	Middle-low	1.411	0.762–2.610
	Middle-high*	2.115	1.081–4.139
	High	1.000
Education level	Elementary	0.629	0.298–1.329
	Middle school	1.142	0.515–2.533
	High school	0.757	0.381–1.565
	College	1.000
Smoking history	No	0.686	0.397–1.183
	Yes	1.000
Alcohol history	No	1.640	0.985–2.733
	Yes	1.000
Physical activity	No activity	1.000
	Walking	1.404	0.874–2.256
	Moderate*	0.317	0.103–0.982
	Vigorous	0.790	0.332–1.879
	Walking+moderate*	0.248	0.084–0.734
	Walking+vigorous	1.415	0.437–4.583
Resistance training	No	1.273	0.788–2.055
	Yes	1.000
Family history of DM	No	0.947	0.603–1.489
	Yes	1.000
DM medication	No medication	1.000
	Only insulin***	20.406	4.533–91.855
	Only OHA**	2.636	1.497–4.640
	Insulin+OHA**	19.301	3.352–111.131
Hypertension***	No	2.440	1.574–3.785
	Yes	1.000
DM duration, yrs**	Mean±SD	1.047	1.014–1.081
Waist circumference, cm*	Mean±SD	1.027	1.006–1.049
Daily carbohydrate intake, g*	Mean±SD	1.002	1.000–1.003

*p < 0.05 by multiple linear regression analysis; **p < 0.01 by multiple linear regression analysis; ***p < 0.001 by multiple linear regression analysis. CI: confidence interval; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent; DM: diabetes mellitus