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. 2015 Dec 14;6:10103. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10103

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(a) Schematics of experimental setup for solar vapour generation. (b) Schematic representation of vapour generation and a membrane sample floating on the water surface (inset). (c) The thermal efficiency (solid dot) and evaporation rate (open dot) of vapour generation process generated by one, two or three layers of black gold membranes at varying optical power density. The error bars are defined as the s.d. (d) Side-view infrared images of the black gold membrane under the same light illumination of 10 kW m⁻² when floating on the top surface of the water cuvette (top) and attached at the bottom of the cuvette (bottom). The measurements were through the quartz cuvette walls.