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. 2015 Nov 19;5(6):996–1009. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.012

Figure 2.

Figure 2

VPA-Treated Mice Perform Poorly in Learning and Memory Tests

(A) Experimental timeline of prenatal VPA treatment and postnatal behavior tests. E, embryonic day; w, weeks old.

(B) VPA-treated mice have a lower correct-arm alternation than MC-treated mice (control).

(C–E) VPA-treated mice have a lower freezing response than MC-treated mice (control) in conditioning (C; day 1), contextual (D; day 2), and cued fear associative tests (E; day 3). See also Figures S4A, S4C, and S4E for time course of freezing response and Table S1 for a summary of behavior data.

MC, prenatal methylcellulose (vehicle); VPA, prenatal valproic acid. Data are represented as means. n = 12 for each group. Error bars indicate the SD. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, two-tailed t test. See also Figure S4 and Table S1.