Table 1.
Treatment effects on self-report outcomes
| Outcome | Open and Calm (OC) | Treatment as Usual (TAU) | OC vs. TAU | OC vs. TAU changea | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | d (within) | M (SD) | d (within) | d (between) | p | F | ηp 2 (between) | p | Covariates | |
| Perceived Stress (PSS) | ||||||||||
| Pre-treatment (T1) | 18.75 (6.48) | 18.22 (4.01) | 0.09 | .718 | 12.96 | .16**** | < .0001 | |||
| Post-treatmentb (T2) | 12.88 (7.31) | 0.92*** | 17.33 (3.51) | 0.22 | 0.71** | .012 | Employment TCI-HA |
|||
| Follow-upc (T3) | 11.64 (6.26) | 0.24 | 16.77 (3.83) | 0.25 | 0.93*** | .001 | ||||
| Pre-treatment—Follow-up | 1.30*** | 0.39* | ||||||||
| Mental Health (SF-36-MCS) | ||||||||||
| Pre-treatment (T1) | 47.24 (26.05) | 55.06 (17.26) | 0.20 | .299 | 4.97 | .13** | = .0018 | |||
| Post-treatmentb (T2) | 51.22 (25.17) | 0.21 | 52.95 (19.26) | −0.18 | 0.08 | .971 | Age | |||
| Follow-upc (T3) | 67.09 (17.57) | 0.89*** | 57.73 (16.38) | 0.30 | 0.55* | .012 | ||||
| Pre-treatment—Follow-up | 0.99*** | 0.15 | ||||||||
| Depression (MDI) | ||||||||||
| Pre-treatment (T1) | 16.98 (8.67) | 15.75 (7.10) | 0.15 | .551 | 8.01 | .11** | = .002 | |||
| Post-treatmentb (T2) | 10.04 (8.65) | 0.91*** | 13.27 (5.97) | 0.36 | −0.42* | .044 | MAAS | |||
| Follow-upc (T3) | 8.04 (6.01) | 0.51 | 12.42 (6.02) | 0.22 | −0.74** | .006 | ||||
| Pre-treatment—Follow-up | 1.44*** | 0.60* | ||||||||
| Quality of Life (WHO-5) | ||||||||||
| Pre-treatment (T1) | 46.88 (17.32) | 48.67 (15.72) | −0.11 | .671 | 5.71 | .08** | .004 | |||
| Post-treatmentb (T2) | 62.04 (19.84) | 1.01*** | 53.92 (14.54) | 0.31 | 0.45 | .080 | BMI | |||
| Follow-upc (T3) | 65.75 (16.44) | 0.23 | 55.67 (15.19) | 0.10 | 0.64** | .014 | TCI-HA | |||
| Pre-treatment—Follow-up | 1.06*** | 0.39 | ||||||||
| Sleep Quality (PSQI) | ||||||||||
| Pre-treatment (T1) | 6.97 (2.49) | 6.67 (2.81) | 0.12 | .531 | 11.27 | .14*** | = .0001 | |||
| Post-treatmentb (T2) | 5.43 (3.63) | 0.47*** | 5.92 (2.73) | 0.25 | −0.15 | .254 | Smoking | |||
| Follow-upc (T3) | 4.96 (2.93) | 0.22 | 6.63 (3.16) | −0.22 | -.56* | .017 | ||||
| Pre-treatment—Follow-up | 0.73*** | 0.01 | ||||||||
Notes. *.p<.05.**.p<.01.***.p<.001. All p-values are two-tailed , Bonferroni-Holm corrected, and based on intent-to-treat-analyses (OC: n=48; TAU: n=24). The OC vs. TAU change-models adjusted for relevant biopsychosocial covariates (listed in the column “Covariates”) as well as for Time✕Group✕Covariate-interactions. a. Effect sizes indicate pre-treatment—post-treatment—follow-up Time✕Group effects. b. Within-group effect sizes indicate pre-treatment—post-treatment effects. c. Within-group effect sizes indicate post-treatment—follow-up effects. MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. MDI=Major Depression Inventory. PSQI=Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. PSS=Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. SF-36-MCS=Short Form Health Survey-36-Mental Component Summary. TCI-HA = Temperament and Character Inventory - Harm-avoidance. Smoking = Smokers was defined as participants who smoked daily, while other participants were defined as non-smokers