Table 1.

Characteristics and outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in Pakistan

	Total	Discharged from ED	Admitted	Died	P*	Odds ratio for admission or death	95% Confidence Interval
	(n)	(n)	(n)	(n)
	%	%	%	%
Total n	(n = 1787)	(n = 1275)	(n = 460)	(n = 52)
Age (in years)	(n = 1650)	(n = 1170)	(n = 432)	(n = 48)	0.10
- 0 - 14	15.8	21.7	16.9	27.1		0.67	0.43-1.05
- 15 - 24	25.8	26.7	24.3	16.7		0.81	0.53-1.23
- 25 - 44	39.6	38.5	42.4	39.6		0.94	0.64-1.39
- 45+	14.1	13.1	16.4	16.7		1
Gender	(n = 1771)	(n = 1262)	(n = 458)	(n = 51)	0.09
- Female	20.7	21.9	17.9	13.7		1
- Male	79.3	78.1	82.1	86.3		1.20	0.86-1.68
Intent of injury	(n = 1746)	(n = 1260)	(n = 436)	(n = 51)	0.01
- Unintentional	63.6	65.3	58.0	68.6		1
- Intentional	36.4	34.7	42.1	31.4		1.89	1.41-2.53
Injury mechanism	(n = 370)	(n = 267)	(n = 95)	(n = 8)	0.68
- Road traffic crash	48.6	49.1	47.4	50.0
- Falls	22.4	24.0	18.9	12.5
- Animal bite or attack	6.2	6.7	4.2	12.5
- Struck by an object	4.3	3.7	6.3	0
- Others	18.4	16.5	23.2	25.0
Arriving by ambulance	(n = 1738)	(n = 1248)	(n = 438)	(n = 52)	<0.001
- No	68.4	74.7	52.3	53.8		1
- Yes	31.6	25.3	47.7	46.2		2.37	1.78-3.16
Hospital	(n = 1787)	(n = 1275)	(n = 460)	(n = 52)	0.006
- Public	98.5	99.1	97.0	100.0		1
- Private	1.5	0.9	3.0	0		0.46	0.10-2.10
Care providers
Nurse or paramedic	95.2	95.1	95.2	96.2	0.95
- Interns	66.3	77.5	38.9	32.7	<0.001	0.17	0.12-0.23
- Medical officer or residents	54.7	49.4	82.6	92.3	<0.001	2.11	1.49-2.99
- Attending physician	1.0	1.0	0.9	0	0.74
Radiography
- Computerized tomography	39.5	31.0	63.0	34.6	<0.001	2.93	2.25-3.83
- X-rays	45.2	41.2	58.9	21.2	<0.001	1.13	0.87-1.48

A <0.05 indicated that at least one patient strata was different from others in terms of proportion of admissions and deaths.

ED - Emergency Department