Table 3. Baseline comparison between the low and high adherence groups.
| Low adherence (n = 30) | High adherence (n = 9) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 83.1 ± 6.7 | 80.4 ± 7.9 | .323 |
| % age 82 or higher | 63 | 33 | .142 |
| Comorbidity | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | .259 |
| WHODAS | 17.1 ± 5.4 | 14.0 ± 2.9 | .106 |
| Number medications | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | .080 |
| % >4 medications | 48 | 11 | .061 |
| Depression score ^ | 2.9 ± 4.6 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | .129 |
| % depression ≥1 | 73 | 38 | .094 |
| % walking aids | 20 | 33 | .406 |
| SST sequence (s) ^ | 56.7 ± 17.3 | 48.1 ± 3.9 | .025 |
| SST errors ^ | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | .529 |
| Icon-FES | 51.7 ± 17.0 | 44.8 ± 9.2 | .123 |
| % icon-FES >65 | 30 | 0 | .085 |
| Mini-Cog | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | .485 |
| % painful feet | 38 | 0 | .038 |
| Hand reaction time (ms) ^ | 259 ± 47 | 259 ± 41 | .955 |
| Digit-letter mean (ms) ^ | 2489 ± 389 | 2213 ± 223 | .036 |
| Digit letter min (ms) | 1609 ± 155 | 1484 ± 236 | .068 |
| Digit letter max (ms) ^ | 4973 ± 2851 | 3343 ± 453 | .019 |
| CSRT-RT (ms) ^ | 891 ± 138 | 838 ± 59 | .315 |
| CSRT-MT (ms) | 296 ± 69 | 278 ± 60 | .493 |
| ANT alert (ms) | 39 ± 30 | 18 ± 49 | .132 |
| ANT orient (ms) | 63 ± 39 | 51 ± 58 | .512 |
| ANT conflict (ms) ^ | 139 ± 96 | 206 ± 182 | .454 |
| TMT A (s) ^ | 38.5 ± 21.1 | 32.2 ± 10.0 | .448 |
| TMT B (s) ^ | 119.2 ± 63.7 | 83.0 ± 35.0 | .059 |
| TMT B/A (s) ^ | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | .115 |
| Stroop error | 6.4 ± 4.2 | 4.9 ± 3.3 | .319 |
| Stroop efficiency | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | .455 |
| Dual task (s) ^ | 16.8 ± 7.2 | 13.1 ± 4.9 | .168 |
| Mental rotation accuracy (%) # | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | .753 |
| Mental rotation time (ms) ^ | 5855 ± 2825 | 4777 ± 1810 | .322 |
Adherence score is based on whether participants played at least three games 32 times during the 16-week intervention period
#higher values indicate better performance
^log-transformed data were used
bold = significant values (p < .05); italic = trend for significance (p < .10); WHODAS = WHO Disability Assessment Schedule; SST = Stroop Stepping Test; Icon-FES = Iconographical Fall-Efficacy Scale CSRT = Choice Stepping Reaction Time; RT = reaction time; MT = movement time; ANT = Attentional Network Test; TMT = Trailmaking Test (A: time for connecting numbers; B: time for connecting numbers and letters in alternating order; B/A: ratio score of B and A).