Table 4. Differences in program effectiveness based on adherence using change scores.
| Change scores | Low adherence (N = 30) | High adherence (N = 9) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| SST sequence (s) ^ | -9.2 ± 11.7 | -5.4 ± 4.6 | .519 |
| SST errors | -1.0 ± 1.96 | -1.6 ± 1.3 | .074 |
| Hand reaction time (ms) ^ | -22 ± 28 | -19 ± 24 | .669 |
| Digit-letter mean (ms) ^ | -190 ± 231 | -20 ± 154 | .033 |
| Digit letter min (ms) | -99 ± 199 | 18 ± 152 | .113 |
| Digit letter max (ms) ^ | -803 ± 2731 | 128 ± 1055 | .278 |
| CSRT-RT (ms) ^ | -83 ± 90 | -97 ± 53 | .542 |
| CSRT-MT (ms) | -60 ± 55 | -53 ± 50 | .732 |
| ANT alert (ms) | -4 ± 32 | 21 ± 23 | .043 |
| ANT orient (ms) | -7 ± 40 | 8 ± 46 | .383 |
| ANT executive (ms) ^ | -35 ± 78 | -92 ± 201 | .702 |
| TMT A (s) ^ | -6.9 ± 16.4 | 4.5 ± 15.5 | .096 |
| TMT B (s) ^ | -1.3 ± 29.0 | -9.2 ± 24.8 | .250 |
| TMT B/A (s) ^ | 0.5 ± 1.1 | -0.4 ± 1.2 | .044 |
| Stroop error | -1.38 ± 3.86 | -1.56 ± 2.70 | .900 |
| Stroop efficiency | -0.37 ± 0.88 | -0.15 ± 0.51 | .475 |
| Dual task (s) ^ | -0.7 ± 7.6 | 1.0 ± 4.5 | .403 |
| Mental rotation accuracy (%) # | 2.5 ± 9.4 | 5.9 ± 7.1 | .325 |
| Mental rotation time (ms) ^ | 350 ± 2421 | -679 ± 1701 | .224 |
| Depression ^ | 0.4 ± 2.2 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | .729 |
| Icon-FES | -3.9 ± 12.3 | 0.8 ± 8.1 | .296 |
Adherence score is based on whether participants played at least three games 32 times during the 16-week intervention period
#higher values indicate improvement
^log-transformed data were used
bold = significant values (p < .05); italic = trend for significance (p < .10); SST = Stroop Stepping Test; CSRT = Choice Stepping Reaction Time; RT = reaction time; MT = movement time; ANT = Attentional Network Test; TMT = Trailmaking Test (A: time for connecting numbers; B: time for connecting numbers and letters in alternating order; B/A: ratio score of B and A); Icon-FES = Iconographical Fall-Efficacy Scale.