Table 6. Experiment #2 spatiotemporal gait parameter effects and interactions.
| Conditions | Effects (p values) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLO | LLO+VC | LLO+VC+DT | Group | Condition | Group* Condition | Trial | Group* Trial | Condition* Trial | Group* Condition* Trial | UPDRS | ||
| Step Length (cm) | ANOVA | 0.0006 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.42 | <0.0001 | 0.216 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.0036 | 0.103 | 0.0002 | 0.999 | 0.698 | 0.803 | 0.319 | 0.921 | ||||
| Freezers | 49.77 (11.87) | 56.78 (14.92) | 56.35 (13.85) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 63.88 (8.66) | 64.33 (4.46) | 63.73 (4.45) | |||||||||
| Step Length Variability (CV) | ANOVA | 0.0145 | 0.0383 | 0.233 | 0.379 | 0.674 | <0.0001 | 0.206 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.131 | 0.917 | 0.435 | 0.992 | 0.858 | 0.969 | 0.793 | 0.295 | ||||
| Freezers | 12.19 (9.77) | 10.18 (9.16) | 11.88 (10.10) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 6.22 (3.82) | 5.62 (2.38) | 6.60 (3.54) | |||||||||
| Step Time (sec.) | ANOVA | 0.0358 | <0.0001 | 0.0045 | <0.0001 | 0.629 | 0.109 | 0.313 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.237 | 0.118 | 0.0222 | 0.243 | 0.536 | 0.21 | 0.305 | 0.281 | ||||
| Freezers | 0.58 (0.10) | 0.64 (0.14) | 0.66 (0.11) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 0.56 (0.06) | 0.56 (0.06) | 0.58 (0.06) | |||||||||
| Step Time Variability (CV) | ANOVA | 0.07 | 0.0002 | 0.836 | 0.0304 | 0.057 | 0.0319 | 0.363 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.541 | 0.648 | 0.914 | 0.707 | 0.156 | 0.693 | 0.773 | 0.09 | ||||
| Freezers | 6.04 (3.47) | 8.66 (5.43) | 7.45 (3.45) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 4.54 (2.07) | 5.40 (1.96) | 5.63 (2.03) | |||||||||
| Double Support Time Percentage (%) | ANOVA | 0.868 | 0.0001 | 0.0095 | 0.497 | 0.678 | 0.0102 | 0.855 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.332 | 0.087 | 0.0091 | 0.689 | 0.799 | 0.948 | 0.926 | 0.145 | ||||
| Freezers | 35.90 (7.63) | 33.51 (9.91) | 33.55 (9.19) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 32.62 (5.42) | 31.59 (4.18) | 32.15 (4.57) | |||||||||
| DST% Variability (CV) | ANOVA | 0.053 | 0.354 | 0.974 | 0.625 | 0.553 | 0.6 | 0.411 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.228 | 0.368 | 0.559 | 0.386 | 0.792 | 0.544 | 0.34 | 0.462 | ||||
| Freezers | 6.57 (3.85) | 6.22 (3.68) | 6.83 (4.46) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 5.06 (1.94) | 4.80 (2.97) | 5.46 (3.45) | |||||||||
| Velocity (cm/sec) | ANOVA | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.0496 | <0.0001 | 0.635 | <0.0001 | 0.083 | ||||
| ANCOVA | 0.02 | 0.424 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 0.512 | 0.174 | 0.082 | 0.462 | ||||
| Freezers | 88.12 (25.43) | 90.53 (28.09) | 86.73 (24.36) | |||||||||
| non-Freezers | 115.39 (21.31) | 113.96 (15.46) | 109.04 (14.95) | |||||||||
LLO, Lower-limbs occluded; LLO+VC, Lower-limbs occluded while walking on visual cues; LLO+VC+DT; Lower-limbs occluded while walking on visual cues and performing the dual-task; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III;
* illustrates interactions between groups, conditions, and trials.