Table 2. Modulations in EMG activity in the time interval before (PRE) and the three reflex phases after perturbation (SLR, MLR, LLR) according to the different perturbation velocities and displacements.
EMG [%MVC] | PRE | SLR | MLR | LLR | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
velocity | 0.11m/s | 0.18m/s | 0.11m/s | 0.18m/s | 0.11m/s | 0.18m/s | 0.11m/s | 0.18m/s | ||||||||
displacement | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm | 2cm | 3cm |
SOL posterior | 0.15±0.03 | 0.15±0.03 | 0.15±0.03 | 0.15±0.03 | 0.15±0.04 | 0.15±0.03 | 0.16±0.03 † | 0.18±0.03 †* | 0.16±0.04 | 0.16±0.04 | 0.18±0.04 † | 0.21±0.04 *† | 0.16±0.03 | 0.18±0.04 * | 0.17±0.04 | 0.20±0.06 * |
GM posterior | 0.18±0.07 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.16±0.08 | 0.20±0.10 | 0.17±0.08 * | 0.17±0.07 | 0.17±0.08 | 0.38±0.14 † | 0.43±0.16 † | 0.22±0.09 | 0.31±0.12 * | 0.36±0.11 † | 0.54±0.13 †* |
TA anterior | 0.14±0.08 | 0.14±0.08 | 0.14±0.08 | 0.13±0.08 | 0.14±0.08 | 0.14±0.08 | 0.14±0.09 | 0.18±0.21 | 0.14±0.09 | 0.13±0.07 | 0.19±0.13 | 0.20±0.11 † | 0.16±0.10 | 0.16±0.10 | 0.24±0.11 † | 0.38±0.19 †* |
PER lateral | 0.26±0.12 | 0.27±0.12 | 0.26±0.13 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.26±0.12 | 0.27±0.13 | 0.34±0.20† | 0.29±0.15 | 0.24±0.09 | 0.23±0.08 | 0.45±0.16 † | 0.43±0.17 † | 0.34±0.15 | 0.43±0.14 | 0.61±0.19 † | 0.76±0.25 †* |
RF medial | 0.08±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.10±0.05 |
VL anterior | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.15±0.08 † | 0.16±0.08 † | 0.13±0.06 | 0.14±0.07 | 0.15±0.09 | 0.19±0.12 †* |
BF posterior | 0.25±0.11 | 0.25±0.11 | 0.25±0.11 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.24±0.11 | 0.23±0.11 | 0.24±0.11 | 0.24±0.11 | 0.23±0.11 | 0.23±0.11 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.25±0.11 | 0.27±0.14 | 0.30±0.19 |
Gmed medial | 0.29±0.10 | 0.30±0.10 | 0.28±0.12 | 0.30±0.11 | 0.29±0.11 | 0.28±0.11 | 0.27±0.10† | 0.27±0.10 | 0.28±0.11 | 0.27±0.10 | 0.29±0.11 | 0.29±0.12 * | 0.29±0.11 | 0.29±0.11 | 0.31±0.13 | 0.30±0.13 |
Gmax posterior | 0.19±0.08 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.18±0.08 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.19±0.07 | 0.18±0.08 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.18±0.08 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.18±0.08 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.19±0.08 |
Muscles are displayed for the respective perturbation direction, in which they counteracted surface translation. The table elucidates that dominant changes to increased displacement only occurred within the fast velocity. Moreover, increased perturbation velocity was predominantly compensated in SLR and MLR (bold font), whereas increased displacement was predominantly compensated in LLR (italic font). Values represent mean values ± standard deviations (M±SD). For significant main effects of the ANOVA (P<0.05), the lines written in italic font denote a significant effect of the displacement on the specific phase (a * symbol marks significant post hoc comparison, p<0.05) and the lines written in bold font denote a significant effect of the velocity (a † symbol marks significant post hoc comparison, p<0.05). The line written in bold and italic font contains both effects (displacement and velocity) on the specific phase.