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. 2015 Dec 18;5:18575. doi: 10.1038/srep18575

Figure 2. Sources of ATP by mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis.

Figure 2

A flux analyzer showed that 1 μM oligomycin reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR) to 50% compared with baseline conditions (A) whereas 2 μM carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) increased OCR (A) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) (B) to 142% and 182%, respectively, of control levels, and 2 μM FCCP plus 1 μM rotenone and 1 μM antimycin reduced OCR by 70% (A). Dose responses to rotenone (C) antimycin and oligomycin showed that all three blockers significantly and dose-dependently reduced intracellular ATP levels by 50% at 1 h (D,E). Effects of 2-DG and pyruvate on podocyte concentrations of ATP are shown (F). 2-DG in the absence of glucose reduced ATP levels to 25% of control condition at 1 h, whereas adding pyruvate dose-dependently increased ATP level, with 10 mM pyruvate optimally increasing intracellular ATP level. Palmitate had no effect on ATP production (G). 50–150 μM palmitate had no effect in the presence of pyruvate but the absence of glucose (G) while 150 μM palmitate slightly but significantly increased ATP production in the absence of pyruvate/glucose (H).