Table 3. Cox Proportional Hazards Model for Multiple Parameters to Assess the Association Between Neck Circumference and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus by Gender.

	Men				Women
	P	RR	95.0% CI Lower	95.0% CI Upper	P	RR	95.0% CI Lower	95.0% CI Upper
Age (years)	0.009	1.027	1.007	1.047	0.010	1.034	1.008	1.061
BMI (kg/m2)
23.0-24.9 vs. <23.0	0.544	0.875	0.569	1.347	0.437	1.243	0.718	2.150
25.0-29.9 vs. <23.0	0.454	0.833	0.516	1.344	0.474	0.798	0.431	1.479
≥30.0 vs. <23.0	0.049	1.972	1.001	4.349	0.860	0.926	0.395	2.170
Family history of DM
Yes vs. no	0.002	1.779	1.236	2.560	0.028	1.639	1.054	2.550
HT medications
ACE inhibitors or ARBs	0.216	1.644	0.748	3.615	0.098	0.327	0.077	1.398
β-blockers	0.006	2.989	1.377	6.489	0.183	1.773	0.763	4.119
Calcium channel blockers	0.234	0.659	0.332	1.309	0.399	0.679	0.276	1.670
Diuretics	0.135	2.170	0.786	5.994	0.047	2.893	1.015	8.250
Others or unknown	0.364	1.259	0.765	2.072	0.764	1.102	0.584	2.082
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	0.005	1.002	1.001	1.003	0.682	1.001	0.998	1.003
ALT (mg/dl)	0.036	1.006	1.000	1.012	0.081	1.011	0.999	1.024
hsCRP (mg/l)	0.025	1.049	1.006	1.094	0.037	1.079	1.005	1.160
PRA (ng/ml/h)	0.782	0.995	0.959	1.032	0.876	1.006	.936	1.081
HbA1c (%)	<0.001	3.573	2.568	4.972	<0.001	4.641	2.739	7.863
Log(HOMA-IR)	<0.001	2.478	1.695	3.622	0.002	2.060	1.294	3.280
Insulinogenic index	<0.001	0.656	0.559	0.770	0.012	0.859	0.763	0.967
Neck circumference
2nd quartile vs. 1st quartile	0.989	1.003	0.638	1.578	0.939	0.977	0.540	1.769
3rd quartile vs. 1st quartile	0.039	1.660	1.025	2.687	0.195	1.518	0.808	2.853
4th quartile vs. 1st quartile	0.036	1.746	1.037	2.942	0.031	2.077	1.068	4.038

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; PRA, plasma renin activity.