Table 1.
Sample characteristics for studies of EBC in schizophrenia.
| Study | Samples |
Diagnosis | Age matched? | Antipsychotic medication status (SZ spectrum groups)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age | % Male | ||||
| Taylor and Spence (54) | 42 | N/A | N/A | “Psychotic” | No | N/A |
| 74 | N/A | N/A | “Neurotic” | |||
| O’Connor and Rawnsley (55) | 20 | 47.2 (4.94) | 100 | Paranoid SZ | No | N/A |
| 20 | 41.5 (5.84) | 100 | Non-paranoid SZ | |||
| 20 | 39.4 (12.51) | 100 | Control | |||
| Spain (56) | 54 | 40.6 | 59.3 | Schizophrenia | No | All but 10 “were receiving some form of drug treatment” |
| 24 | N/A | 50 | Control | |||
| Sears et al. (57) | 15 | 32.8 (9.8) | 73.3 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | No | Unmedicated for 3 weeks |
| 15 | 31.3 (7.2) | 73.3 | Control | |||
| Hofer et al. (58) | 24 | 30.3 (9.0) | 87.5 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes | 18 participants on atypical antipsychotics, 6 on typical antipsychotics |
| 20 | 30.9 (8.9) | 85 | Control | |||
| Stevens et al. (59) | 25 | 28.8 (6.5) | 56 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes | Treated ≥14 days with stable dose of olanzapine |
| 25 | 31.1 (6.8) | 56 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Taking stable dose of “classic neuroleptics” ≥14 days | ||
| 25 | 27.3 (5.6) | 52 | Control | |||
| Marenco et al. (60) | ||||||
| Trace | 10 | 31.8 (8.7) | N/A | DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | Yes (±3 years) | 2 participants unmedicated for ≥3 weeks; others taking antipsychotics |
| 10 | 33.7 (7.7) | N/A | Control | |||
| Delay | 10 | 41.8 (9.7) | N/A | DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | Yes (±3 years) | 3 participants unmedicated for ≥3 weeks; others taking antipsychotics |
| 10 | 41.9 (9.4) | N/A | Control | |||
| Brown et al. (61) | 13 | 42 (9.56) | 53.8 | DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | Yes | 9 participants on atypical antipsychotics, 1 on typical, 3 on both |
| 13 | 40.2 (9.0) | 53.8 | Control | |||
| Edwards et al. (62) | 10 | 40 (6.77) | 60 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes | 1 participant taking typical antipsychotics, 2 taking atypical antipsychotics, 1 taking both; 5 participants not taking antipsychotics |
| 8 | 43.5 (6.2) | 62.5 | Control | |||
| Bolbecker et al. (63) | 62 | 39.8 (9.54) | 62.9 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes (±2 years) | 12 participants unmedicated, 34 on atypical antipsychotics, 7 on typical, 9 on both |
| 62 | 39.9 (9.99) | 48.4 | Control | |||
| Bolbecker et al. (64) | 55 | 41.1 (11.1) | 60 | DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorders | Yes (±2 years) | 13 unmedicated, 36 taking atypical antipsychotics, 16 taking typical antipsychotics |
| 55 | 40.9 (11.3) | 47.3 | Control | |||
| Forsyth et al. (65) | 18 | 37.7 (9.43) | 55.6 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes | 3 SZ not taking medication at time of testing, 14 on antipsychotics; 3 SPD taking antidepressants, others unmedicated |
| 18 | 38.1 (9.87) | 55.6 | DSM-IV SPD | |||
| 18 | 37.9 (9.85) | 55.6 | Control | |||
| Parker et al. (66) | 20 | 28.2 (9.24) | 61.1 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | No | 5 neuroleptic-naïve, all others medication-free for 3 weeks |
| 20 | 29.2 (9.22) | 50 | Control | |||
| Bolbecker et al. (67) | 18 | 36 (12) | 72.2 | DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | Yes (±3 years) for each triad | 2 SZ unmedicated, 13 taking atypical antipsychotics, 3 taking typical antipsychotics; 2 relatives taking antidepressants, others unmedicated |
| 18 | 35.9 (13) | 38.9 | Confirmed first-degree relative | |||
| 18 | 36.8 (13) | 44.4 | Control | |||
| Coesmans et al. (68) | 38 | 23.9 (range = 18–35) | 100 | DSM-IV schizophrenia | Yes | 13 antipsychotic-free (6 antipsychotic-naïve, 7 antipsychotic-free for ≥4 weeks), 9 taking atypical antipsychotics, 16 taking typical antipsychotics |
| 26 | 24.6 (range = 18–31) | N/A | Control | |||
aGiven the relevance of antipsychotic medication to motor abnormalities, we report here antipsychotic medication status specifically and not other psychotropic medications, except in the case of intermediate spectrum participants.