Table 3. Parameter values and ranges examined in sensitivity analyses.
| Description | Base Case | Range | Distribution | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Low | High | ||||
| Yearly influenza risk (%) | 10 | 2.7 | 21.4 | Beta | 45,47-50 |
| Hospitalization risk with influenza (%) | 3.1 | 1.7 | 5.7 | Beta | 51 |
| IPD risk in hospitalized influenza patients (%) | 10 | 7.5 | 12.5 | Beta | 47 |
| Influenza vaccine effectiveness (%) | 59 | 51 | 67 | Beta | 50 |
| PPSV effectiveness | Table 1 | Table 1 low range | Table 1 high range | Triangular | Table 1 |
| Relative risk of pneumococcal infection with PPSV serotypesb | 1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | Uniform | Table 2 |
| Impact of SOP on vaccination rate (%) | 18 | 8 | 27 | Beta | 52 |
| Vaccine adverse events | |||||
| Duration of symptoms (days) | 3 | 1 | 8 | Exponential | 40 |
| Probability (%) | 3.2 | 2.2 | 4.6 | Beta | 40 |
| Disability | |||||
| Excess mortality per year | 0.1 | 0 | 1 | Uniform | Estimated |
| Relative riskb | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | Uniform | Table 2a |
| IPD case-fatality odds ratio for patients with immunocompromising or other comorbid conditions | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.8 | Log normal | 53 |
| Utility weights | |||||
| Age ≥ 65 years | 0.84 | 0.68 | 1 | Uniform | 54 |
| Invasive pneumococcal disease (applied for 34 days) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | Uniform | 27 |
| Influenza – hospitalized (applied for 14 days) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | Uniform | Estimate 27 |
| Influenza – outpatient (applied for 5 days) | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | Uniform | Estimate 54 |
| Disabled (applied for remaining lifetime) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | Uniform | Estimate 54 |
| Vaccine adverse event (applied for 3 days) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.99 | Uniform | Estimate 54 |
| Costs (in 2006 US Dollars) | |||||
| Influenza vaccine and administration | $32 | $26 | $40 | Gamma | 21,28 |
| PPSV and administration | $43 | $33 | $60 | Gamma | 27 |
| Standing order program cost per patient (per year) | $4.60 | $0 | $35 | Gamma | Estimate 15 |
| Influenza | |||||
| Hospitalized | $4,723 | $4,397 | $5,075 | Gamma | NIS |
| Outpatient | $167 | $129 | $209 | Gamma | NIS |
| Invasive pneumococcal disease | |||||
| Discharged alive | |||||
| Age 65-74 years | $20,416 | $18,374 | $22,458 | Gamma | NIS |
| Age ≥ 75 years | $17,166 | $15,449 | $18,883 | Gamma | NIS |
| Died | |||||
| Age 65-74 years | $29,263 | $26,337 | $32,189 | Gamma | NIS |
| Age ≥ 75 years | $20,750 | $18,675 | $22,825 | Gamma | NIS |
| Disability (per year) | $10,000 | $8,000 | $10,000 | Gamma | Estimate 4 |
IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease; PPSV: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; NIS, National Inpatient Survey.
a
Using meningitis rates as a proxy for disability incidence;
b
Relative risk compared to Table 2 values.