Table 1.

Main characteristics of the nine relevant studies dealing with performance of manual ventilation. Values are number or mean (SD)

Study	Type	Number of participants	Recorded parameters	Ventilation duration	Analysis method	Judgment parameters	Tolerance range	Study results
Wagner-Berger et al. [15]	Clinical trial	30	SaO2, MAP, HR,ETCO2, VT, Ppeak, PF, Ti/Ttot, Vgastric	2 min	Overall mean value*	VT	≈500 ml	VT = 637 (123) ml
Noordergraaf et al. [16]	Clinical trial	13	ETCO2, VT, VR, Vm, Ppeak	ND	Overall mean value	ETCO2, VT, VR	4.0–4.7 kPa 400–600 ml 12–15 bpm	ETCO2 = 4.53 (0.67) kPa VT = 712 (162) ml VR = 13 (3) bpm
von Goedecke et al. [17]	Clinical trial	40	SaO2, MAP, HR, ETCO2, VT, Vm, VR, Ppeak, PF, Ti/Ttot	1 min	Overall mean value	SaO2, VT, VR	≥90% ≈350 ml with 100% FiO2 10–15 bpm	95.2 (2.9)% VT = 640 (120.9) ml VR = 15.8 (1.3) bpm
Busko et Blackwell [18]	Bench test	153	VT, Vm, Vgastric, Ppeak, I/E, VR	1 min	Overall mean value	VT, VR	510–595 ml (6–7 ml.kg−1) 10–12 bpm	VT = 672.2 (120.9) ml VR = 13.5 (4.8) bpm
Nehme et Boyle [19]	Bench test	30	VT, VR, Vm	2 min	Individual mean value†	VT, VR	480–560 ml (6–7 ml.kg−1) 8–10 bpm	4% of optimal VT 23% of optimal VR
Lim et al. [20]	Bench test	52	VT, VR	2 min	Individual mean value	VT, VR	500–600 ml 8–10 bpm	38.5% of optimal ventilation
Bergrath et al. [21]	Bench test	40	VT, I time, Ppeak	8 min	Individual mean value	VT	500–600 ml (6–7 ml.kg−1)	VT = 408 (164) ml 22% of optimal VT
Lee et al. [22]	Bench test	30	VT	2 min	Breath-by-breath‡	VT	440–540 ml (6–7 ml.kg−1)	26.7% of optimal VT
Marjanovic et al. [23]	Bench test	50	VT, VR, Ppeak	3 min	Breath-by-breath	VT, VR	400–600 ml 9–11 bpm	25.6% of optimal VT 0% of optimal VR

SaO2, arterial oxygen saturation; MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; HR, heart rate; ETCO₂, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration; VT, tidal volume; Ppeak, peak airway pressure; PF, peak inspiratory flow; Ti/Ttot, inspiratory time fraction; Vgastric, gastric inflation volume; VR, ventilation rate; ND, not done; Vm, minute volume; I/E, inspiratory/expiratory ratio; I time, inspiratory time.

^*Global mean value of each ventilatory parameter for all tests.

^†Mean value of each ventilatory parameter for each test.

^‡Breath-by-breath analysis of each ventilatory parameter.