Figure 2.

Measuring the latency of muscle stimulation effects. a, The timing of stimulation was varied relative to the time of fundamental frequency (FF) quantification (green dashed line). The red traces schematize six different stimulation times relative to the syllable. b, Across all experiments, the minimum latency for detected acoustic effects was 5 ms. Acoustic effects measured later than this latency were similar in direction but could be larger in magnitude. In all stimulation analysis, acoustic effects were measured between 5 ms and up to 30 ms after stimulation onset, depending on the number of data points available (see Materials and Methods).