Table 1.

Information on plant species, voucher specimens, traditional remedies and ethnobotanic sources indicating anti-malarial use

Species	Family	Accession number	Common name	Remedy	Source
Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae	INPA 57941	Cajueiro	Bark, leaves, fruit infusions, decoction (10 drops 2×/day of trunk bark alcohol extract)	[58, 68, 82, 96, 109, 113]
Andropogon leucostachyus	Poaceae	INPA 250467	Capim-colchão	Whole plant decoction	[58]
Clidemia bullosa	Melastomataceae	INPA 250466	Caiuia	Not founda	Not founda
Croton cajucara	Euphorbiaceae	EAFM 315	Sacaca	Bark and leaves infusions	[58, 62–68]
Derris floribunda	Fabaceae	INPA 15562	Timbó	Branches	[58]
Miconia nervosa	Melastomataceae	INPA 250467	Miraúba	Decoction (part not specified)	[58]
Parkia nítida	Fabaceae	INPA 152124	Faveira	Not specified	[58]
Paullinia cupana	Sapindaceae	INPA 122001	Guaraná	Leaves, branches, roots, seeds	[58, 63, 96, 97]
Stigmaphyllon sinuatum	Malpighiaceae	INPA 205629	Cipó asa de gafanhoto	Leaves decoction	[58]
Xylopia amazonica	Annonaceae	INPA 183108	Envira sarassará	Not foundb	Not foundb
Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae	Rutaceae	INPA 210077	Tamanqueira	Not foundc	Not foundc

^a Clidemia hirta is the species cited as being in use by traditional peoples of the Peruvian Amazon [38]

^bFruit and trunk bark macerates and infusions of these Xylopia spp. are used as anti-malarials: Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia aromatica, Xylopia ​brasiliensis, Xylopia emarginata, Xylopia frutescens, Xylopia grandiflora, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia longifolia, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia phloiodora, Xylopia staudtii, Xylopia xylopioides [30, 58, 80–85, 125, 126]

^cThese Zanthoxylum spp. are used as anti-malarials: Zanthoxylum armatum, Zanthoxylum caribaem, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Zanthoxylum chiloperone, Zanthoxylum gilletii, Zanthoxylum hermaphroditum, Zanthoxylum leprieurii, Zanthoxylum pentandrum, Zanthoxylum perrottetti, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Zanthoxylum rubescens, Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba, Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa, Zanthoxylum usambarense, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Leaf, fruit, trunk bark and root bark decoctions are used [33, 58, 59, 84, 85, 100–105, 107–110, 127–129]