Table 1.
Socio-demographic, injection drug use, HIV prevalence and care and environmental characteristics of current injection drug users participating and the prevalence of self-reported non lethal overdose within the last 12 months from cross sectional studies in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia (in 2012) and St Petersburg, Russia (in 2012 – 2013)
| Kohtla-Järve (Estonia), N = 588 |
St Petersburg (Russia), N = 811 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | n | % | Overdose last 12 months (%) | n | % | Overdose last 12 months (%) |
| Socio-demographic indicators | ||||||
| Age | p = 0.134 | p = 0.337 | ||||
| 29 or less | 295 | 50 % | 25 % | 245 | 30 % | 18 % |
| 30 or more | 293 | 50 % | 30 % | 566 | 70 % | 15 % |
| Gender | p = 0.833 | p = 0.423 | ||||
| Male | 435 | 74 % | 27 % | 631 | 78 % | 16 % |
| Female | 152 | 26 % | 28 % | 180 | 22 % | 18 % |
| Main source of income (last 6 months) | p = 0.239 | p = 0.021 | ||||
| Work (full/part time) | 192 | 33 % | 23 % | 590 | 73 % | 14 % |
| Social benefits | 263 | 45 % | 30 % | 22 | 3 % | 14 % |
| Other | 127 | 22 % | 31 % | 199 | 25 % | 23 % |
| Drug use characteristics | ||||||
| Duration of injecting | p < 0.001 | p = 0.008 | ||||
| < = 9 years | 230 | 39 % | 16 % | 170 | 21 % | 9 % |
| = > 10 years | 356 | 61 % | 35 % | 640 | 79 % | 18 % |
| Frequency of injecting (last 4 weeks) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| < Daily | 447 | 76 % | 24 % | 524 | 65 % | 11 % |
| Daily + | 139 | 24 % | 40 % | 287 | 35 % | 26 % |
| Main drug injected (last 4 weeks) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.116 | ||||
| Amphetamine | 195 | 35 % | 14 % | 27 | 3 % | 4 % |
| Fentanyl | 350 | 62 % | 34 % | 4 | 0 % | 25 % |
| Heroin | 1 | 0 % | 563 | 69 % | 18 % | |
| Methadone | 0 | 0 % | 217 | 27 % | 14 % | |
| Injecting multiple drugs (last 4 weeks) | p = 0.124 | p = 0.003 | ||||
| No | 378 | 64 % | 25 % | 495 | 61 % | 8 % |
| Yes | 210 | 36 % | 31 % | 316 | 39 % | 21 % |
| Non-injecting drug use (last 4 weeks) | p = 0.575 | p = 0.037 | ||||
| No | 324 | 57 % | 27 % | 755 | 93 % | 15 % |
| Yes | 246 | 43 % | 29 % | 56 | 7 % | 27 % |
| Sharing (last 4 weeks) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 492 | 85 % | 24 % | 277 | 34 % | 7 % |
| Yes | 88 | 15 % | 49 % | 534 | 66 % | 21 % |
| Problem alcohol use | p = 0.009 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 247 | 42 % | 22 % | 275 | 34 % | 8 % |
| Yes | 341 | 58 % | 32 % | 536 | 66 % | 21 % |
| Mental health (MHI 5) | p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| > = 52 | 362 | 62 % | 23 % | 536 | 66 % | 13 % |
| <52 | 221 | 38 % | 35 % | 275 | 34 % | 23 % |
| Structural (environmental) characteristics | ||||||
| Homelessness (current) | p = 0.619 | p = 0.454 | ||||
| No | 583 | 99 % | 27 % | 798 | 98 % | 16 % |
| Yes | 5 | 1 % | 40 % | 13 | 2 % | 14 % |
| Ever been in prison | p < 0.001 | p = 0.368 | ||||
| No | 266 | 45 % | 19 % | 537 | 66 % | 17 % |
| Yes | 322 | 55 % | 35 % | 274 | 34 % | 15 % |
| Main source of syringes (last 4 weeks) | p = 0.0018 | p = 0.0121 | ||||
| Needle and syringe program (NSP) | 445 | 77 % | 30 % | 119 | 15 % | 11 % |
| Pharmacy | 76 | 13 % | 16 % | 615 | 76 % | 19 % |
| Other | 26 | 5 % | 35 % | 30 | 4 % | 10 % |
| None | 29 | 5 % | 7 % | 46 | 6 % | 4 % |
| Currently receiving drug treatment | p > 0.9 | p = 0.133 | ||||
| No | 216 | 68 % | 32 % | 563 | 97 % | 18 % |
| Yes | 102 | 32 % | 32 % | 19 | 3 % | 32 % |
| HIV infection and care | ||||||
| HIV infected | p = 0.013 | p = 0.021 | ||||
| No | 218 | 37 % | 22 % | 359 | 44 % | 13 % |
| Yes | 370 | 63 % | 31 % | 452 | 56 % | 19 % |
| Currently on ART | p = 0.342 | p = 0.051 | ||||
| No | 247 | 67 % | 33 % | 403 | 90 % | 20 % |
| Yes | 123 | 33 % | 28 % | 47 | 10 % | 9 % |