Table 1. Significantly enriched KEGG pathways among 4,710 genes associated with pregnancy.
| KEGG pathways | Genes identified | q value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Genes in pathway) | |||||
| Pathways enriched in genes up-regulated during pregnancy | |||||
| Genetic information processing | |||||
| Translation | |||||
| Ribosome | 51 (89) | 7x10-24 | |||
| Folding, sorting and degradation | |||||
| Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis | 30 (135) | 2x10-3 | |||
| Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum | 30 (165) | 0.02 | |||
| Proteasome | 11 (44) | 0.03 | |||
| Replication and repair | |||||
| Non-homologous end joining | 5 (13) | 0.04 | |||
| Transcription | |||||
| Spliceosome | 24 (127) | 0.03 | |||
| Metabolism | |||||
| Metabolism | |||||
| Metabolic pathways | 169 (1130) | 5x10-4 | |||
| Energy metabolism | |||||
| Oxidative phosphorylation | 31 (132) | 6x10-4 | |||
| Metabolism of other amino acids | |||||
| Glutathione metabolism | 13 (50) | 0.02 | |||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | |||||
| Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 14 (48) | 4x10-3 | |||
| Inositol phosphate metabolism | 14 (57) | 0.02 | |||
| Galactose metabolism | 8 (27) | 0.03 | |||
| Pentose phosphate pathway | 8 (27) | 0.03 | |||
| Signal transduction | |||||
| Signal transduction | |||||
| MAPK signaling pathway | 53 (268) | 4x10-4 | |||
| mTOR signaling pathway | 14 (52) | 8x10-3 | |||
| Jak-STAT signaling pathway | 30 (155) | 0.01 | |||
| Phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway | 16 (78) | 0.04 | |||
| Cellular processes | |||||
| Transport and catabolism | |||||
| Phagosome | 39 (152) | 2x10-5 | |||
| Lysosome | 27 (121) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Endocytosis | 46 (201) | 4x10-5 | |||
| Regulation of autophagy | 9 (34) | 0.04 | |||
| Cell motility | |||||
| Regulation of actin cytoskeleton | 41 (212) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Cell growth and death | |||||
| Apoptosis | 20 (87) | 8x10-3 | |||
| Organismal processes | |||||
| Immune system | |||||
| Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis | 29 (94) | 1x10-5 | |||
| Toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 30 (102) | 2x10-5 | |||
| NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | 17 (58) | 1x10-3 | |||
| B cell receptor signaling pathway | 19 (75) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Leukocyte transendothelial migration | 24 (116) | 0.01 | |||
| Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway | 18 (79) | 0.01 | |||
| Hematopoietic cell lineage | 19 (88) | 0.02 | |||
| T cell receptor signaling pathway | 21 (108) | 0.03 | |||
| Chemokine signaling pathway | 32 (183) | 0.04 | |||
| Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity | 24 (136) | 0.05 | |||
| Development | |||||
| Osteoclast differentiation | 44 (128) | 2x10-10 | |||
| Endocrine system | |||||
| Insulin signaling pathway | 33 (138) | 3x10-4 | |||
| Adipocytokine signaling pathway | 18 (68) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Excretory system | |||||
| Collecting duct acid secretion | 10 (27) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Nervous system | |||||
| Neurotrophin signaling pathway | 28 (127) | 3x10-3 | |||
| Long-term potentiation | 15 (70) | 0.03 | |||
| Disease pathways | |||||
| Infectious diseases: Bacterial | |||||
| Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection | 19 (68) | 1x10-3 | |||
| Vibrio cholerae infection | 13 (54) | 0.02 | |||
| Shigellosis | 14 (61) | 0.03 | |||
| Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells | 15 (70) | 0.03 | |||
| Infectious diseases: Parasitic | |||||
| Leishmaniasis | 21 (72) | 4x10-4 | |||
| Chagas disease | 25 (104) | 1x10-3 | |||
| Toxoplasmosis | 29 (132) | 2x10-3 | |||
| Cancers | |||||
| Renal cell carcinoma | 20 (70) | 7x10-4 | |||
| Pathways in cancer | 55 (326) | 7x10-3 | |||
| Endometrial cancer | 13 (52) | 0.02 | |||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 14 (57) | 0.02 | |||
| Non-small cell lung cancer | 13 (54) | 0.02 | |||
| Glioma | 15 (65) | 0.02 | |||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 16 (73) | 0.03 | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 15 (70) | 0.03 | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | 15 (70) | 0.03 | |||
| Thyroid cancer | 8 (29) | 0.04 | |||
| Neurodegenerative diseases | |||||
| Alzheimer's disease | 40 (167) | 5x10-5 | |||
| Huntington's disease | 41 (183) | 2x10-4 | |||
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 15 (53) | 4x10-3 | |||
| Parkinson’s disease | 27 (130) | 7x10-3 | |||
| Immune diseases | |||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 18 (91) | 0.04 | |||
| Endocrine and metabolic diseases | |||||
| Type II diabetes mellitus | 11 (48) | 0.05 | |||
| Pathways enriched in genes downregulated during pregnancy | |||||
| Metabolism | |||||
| Glycam biosynthesis and metabolism | |||||
| N-Glycan biosynthesis | 17 (49) | 2x10-3 | |||
| Disease pathways | |||||
| Immune diseases | |||||
| Primary imunodeficiency | 19 (35) | 2x10-7 | |||
* q value refers to the FDR-adjusted p value associated with the KEGG pathways enriched in pregnancy-associated genes. Pathways are grouped into broad functional categories.