TABLE 5.

Somers’ D associations between ophthalmic outcomes and markers of B-vitamin status, ferritin, androgen status, and atmospheric CO₂

Marker	Choroidal folds	Cotton wool spots	Globe flattening	Optic disc edema	Change in diopters
Postflight RBC folate	—	—	−0.42*	—	—
Postflight EAST	—	—	0.51**	—	0.36*
Postflight EGR	—			—	—
Postflight MMA	—	—	—	—	—
In-flight ferritin AUC	−0.46*	0.50*	—	—	—
In-flight serum testosterone AUC	—	0.56*	—	—	—
In-flight urine testosterone AUC	—	0.49*	—	—	—
Preflight DHEA	—	0.85***	—	—	0.29*
Preflight DHEA-S	—	0.79***	—	—
In-flight mission average atm CO2	—	0.53**	—	—

EGR, erythrocyte glutathione reductase; MMA, methylmalonic acid. Postflight refers to landing-day values.

^*P < 0.05 (unadjusted);

^**P < 0.01 (unadjusted);

^***P < 0.001 (unadjusted).