Recombinant human PAI-1 induced generation of PDL in vivo. (A) Picrosirius red staining of PDL fibers on the HA/TCP surface in control group. (B) Picrosirius red staining of inserted PDL fibers on generated cementum-like tissue layer on the HA/TCP surface in rhPAI-1-treated group. (C) Picrosirius red staining of PDL fibers on the dentin surface in control group. (D) Picrosirius red staining of inserted PDL fibers on newly formed cementum-like tissue layer on the dentin surface in rhPAI-1-treated group. (E, F) Higher magnification of the black squares in (C, D). (G, I) SEM of PDL fibers in control group. (H, J) SEM of inserted PDL fibers in rhPAI-1-treated group. The inserted PDL fibers (white triangles) were clearly observed. (C–J) Serial sections of the same anatomical region. (K) H&E staining of positive control group. (L) Higher magnification of the white square in (K). H&E staining showed normal cementum, PDL fibers, Sharpey's fibers (black triangle), and cementoblasts (arrow). PDL, periodontal ligament. Scale bar=40 μm. SEM, scanning electron microscopy. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea