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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 19;80(12):955–964. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.013

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of PACAP on ICSS. Rats received VEH (0 μg) or PACAP (0.25–1.0 μg, ICV) and were immediately tested in ICSS for 90 min; N=6–7/dose. (A) Time course of PACAP effects on ICSS thresholds. PACAP elevated ICSS thresholds approximately 45–60 min post-infusion. Data are expressed as mean % mean baseline (± SEM) from the average pre-treatment baseline threshold. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 for between-group comparison to VEH. (B) When data are expressed as mean percentage change from baseline threshold for the entire 90 min period, PACAP (0.5–1.0 μg) had significant threshold-elevating effects. *P<0.05 for between-group comparison to VEH. (C) Time course of PACAP effects on maximum (Max) rates. Response capabilities were unaltered across the 90 min test period. (D) There are no significant differences when data are expressed as mean percentage change from baseline max rates for the entire 90 min period. (E) Rats were tested for 7 days without any additional treatment (PD=post-treatment day). PACAP (0.5–1.0 μg) increased thresholds on the PACAP treatment day, but effects were not persistent. (F) Rats were given a drug challenge test on day 8 to assess sensitivity to cocaine (5 mg/kg, IP). All rats exhibited equivalent decreases in thresholds. **P<0.01 main effect of time.