. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2015 Oct 20;370(1):108–116. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.022

Table 1.

Examples of multifunctional proteins shown in cancer and their subcellular localizations and functions.

Protein	Subcellular localization/function
Protein	Primary	Additional
p53	Nucleus/Transcription factor	Mitochondria/Promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization
Smads	Nucleus/Transcription factor	Cytoplasm/Adaptor protein
Hsp90	Cytoplasm/Molecular chaperone	Extracellular region/Regulator for angiogenesis and cell invasiveness
TG2	Cytoplasm/Catalyzes protein cross-linking	(1) Nucleus/Regulates gene expression; (2) Extracellular region/Cell adhesion and spreading
β-catenin	Nucleus/Transcription factor	Cytoplasm/Interaction with catenins and actins
GAPDH	Cytoplasm/Glycolytic enzyme	Nucleus/Participates in gene regulation
HMGB1	Nucleus/Binds to nucleosomes	Extracellular region/Inflammatory cytokine
E-cadherin	Cell surface/Involved in cell adhesion	Nucleus/Gene regulation
TβRI	Cell surface/Type I transmembrane protein	Nucleus/Participates in gene regulation
EGFR	Cell surface/Membrane receptor tyrosine kinase for EGF	Nucleus/Co-transcription factor
MMPs	Extracellular region/Secretion protein involved in proteolysis	Nucleus/Regulates gene expression
NAG-1	Extracellular region/Secretion protein involved in apoptosis	Nucleus/Gene regulation
ESE-1	Nucleus/Morphology and terminal differentiation	Cytosol/Transformation