Table 2.
Descriptive and inferential statistics for demographics and clinical data for TBI-T (n=13), TBI-C (n=92), and HCv (n=23) groups.
| TBI-T Mean (s.d.) [Min;Max] |
TBI-C Mean (s.d.) [Min;Max] |
HCv Mean (s.d.) [Min;Max] |
Statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHICS | |||||
| Age (years) | 62.15 (1.35) | 63.59 (3.12) | 62.70 (1.74) | H(2)=3.68; P=.159 | |
| Education (years) | 14.31 (2.02) | 14.77 (2.19) | 15.13 (1.94) | H(2)=1.35; P=.508 | |
| Handedness (R:A:L) | 10:0:3 | 77:2:13 | 17:1:5 | X2 (4)=2.00 P=.735 | |
| Pre-injury IQ (percentile) | 62.92 (27.52) | 64.01 (23.23) | 73.00 (18.39) | H(2)=2.58; P=.275 | |
| TBI severity Mild Moderate Severe |
N=6 N=0 N= 7 |
N=52 N=3 N= 22 |
X2 (2)=3.50 P=.174 | ||
| FSQ (total scaled score) | 89.77 (17.30) | 96.51 (18.41) | 97.35 (20.65) | H=2.22; P=.329 | |
| Brain volume loss (percentage) | 6.00 (3.64) | 2.29 (3.05) | - | Z=−4.10; P<.001 | |
| PERCEIVED CAREGIVER BURDEN | |||||
| ZBI (total score) | 22.38 (10.83) [2;39] | 14.54 (12.55) [0;49] | 8.17 (5.18) [0;18] | H(2)=12.89; P=.002 | |
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING MEASURES | |||||
| FAS (total scaled score) | 5.54 (2.60) | 9.10 (3.65) | 11.09 (3.73) | H(2)=18.73; P<.001 | |
| TMT control (scaled score) | 8.38 (3.73) | 9.60 (3.61) | 11.83 (1.50) | H(2)=12.49; P=.002 | |
| TMT switching (scaled score) | 6.92 (3.43) | 9.42 (4.03) | 11.13 (2.67) | H(2)=13.13; P=.001 | |
| NBRS (total pathology score) | 47.23 (22.65) | 35.99 (11.24) | 35.17 (9.35) | H(2)=9.13; P=.009 | |
| FrSBe Apathy (Total score) | 77.31 (20.28) | 60.98 (17.58) | 57.74 (18.30) | H(2)=9.84; P=.007 | |
| FrSBe Disinhibition (Total score) | 71.46 (17.20) | 56.98 (15.77) | 56.09 (15.63) | H(2)=7.97; P=0.019 | |
| FrSBe EF (Total score) | 76.08 (18.73) | 60.99 (16.87) | 60.17 (19.79) | H(2)=7.55; P=.023 | |
| CONTROL MEASURES | |||||
| Post-injury IQ (percentile) | 44.23 (27.08) | 55.87 (25.42) | 72.65 (18.14) | H(2)=12.29; P=.002 | |
| BDI-II (total raw score) | 12.69 (11.76) | 6.83 (6.95) | 9.48 (7.91) | H(2)=4.31; P=.116 | |
| M-PTSD (total score) | 87.00 (21.04) | 77.23 (22.34) | 80.57 (22.62) | H(2)=3.57; P=.168 | |
| BNT (total score) | 49.15 (13.74) | 53.58 (6.30) | 55.91 (3.87) | H(2)=3.65; P=.161 | |
| WMS (delay Memory scaled score) | 93.23 (21.32) | 101.28 (16.25) | 106.87 (17.04) | H(2)=5.12; P=.077 | |
| VOSP (average percentage) | 81.89 (10.11) | 84.83 (10.01) | 89.26 (4.19) | H(2)=5.37; P=.068 | |
Bold statistics are significant. TBI-T, TBI target; TBI-C, TBI control; HCv, Healthy Control veterans; IQ, Intelligence quotient; FSQ, Functional Status Questionnaire; ZBI, Zarit Burden Interview; FAS, Verbal Fluency (letter F, A, S); TMT, Trail making test; NBRS, Neurobehavioral Rating Scale; FrSBe, Frontal System Behavioral Scale; EF, Executive function; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; M-PTSD, Mississippi – Post-traumatic stress disorder scale; BNT, Boston Naming test; WMS, Wechsler Memory scale abbreviated; VOSP, Visual Object and Space Perception battery.