Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers (N = 5636)
| Body mass categories | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total group (5636) | Underweight [<20.0 kg/m2] (n = 881) | Normal weight [20.0–24.9 kg/m2] (n = 3162) | Overweight [25.0–29.9 kg/m2] (n = 1094) | Obesity [≥30.0 kg/m2] (n = 499) | P value* | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 29.8 (5.2) | 29.2 (5.3) | 30.1 (5.2) | 29.8 (5.2) | 29.2 (5.0) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 167.6 (7.3) | 168.7 (7.0) | 167.9 (7.3) | 166.3 (7.5) | 165.7 (7.4) | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.2 (13.1) | 56.9 (6.7) | 65.7 (7.3) | 77.5 (8.6) | 95.2 (13.8) | <0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 (4.4) | 18.9 (0.9) | 22.2 (1.4) | 26.9 (1.4) | 33.9 (3.7) | <0.01 |
| Education, N higher education (%) | 2340 (42.9) | 389 (45.3) | 1508 (48.9) | 360 (34.5) | 83 (17.8) | <0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity, European N (%) | 3259 (58.4) | 544 (62.2) | 1976 (63.0) | 529 (49.1) | 210 (42.9) | <0.01 |
| Parity, N nulliparous (%) | 3230 (57.3) | 563 (63.9) | 1917 (60.7) | 534 (48.8) | 216 (43.3) | <0.01 |
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 2013 (587) | 2061 (606) | 2040 (574) | 1953 (588) | 1878 (602) | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrates, energy (%) | 49.1 (6.6) | 49.3 (6.9) | 49.3 (6.5) | 48.8 (6.6) | 48.1 (7.2) | 0.06 |
| Proteins, energy (%) | 14.9 (2.7) | 14.6 (2.8) | 14.9 (2.6) | 15.0 (2.7) | 15.2 (3.1) | 0.03 |
| Fat, energy (%) | 35.8 (5.7) | 35.9 (5.9) | 35.6 (5.5) | 36.0 (5.6) | 36.6 (6.5) | 0.07 |
| Folic acid supplement use (yes), N (%) | 3354 (72.0) | 535 (74.5) | 1990 (66.9) | 596 (66.0) | 233 (68.6) | <0.01 |
| Smoking during pregnancy (yes), N (%) | 1442 (26.7) | 249 (29.4) | 778 (25.6) | 279 (26.9) | 136 (28.5) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (yes), N (%) | 2785 (51.8) | 478 (56.4) | 1713 (56.5) | 427 (41.6) | 167 (35.5) | <0.01 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 14.9 (5.7) | 14.9 (5.0) | 15.4 (5.1) | 14.3 (6.4) | 11.7 (8.1) | <0.01 |
| Gestational weight gain categories | ||||||
| Insufficient, N (%) | 546 (20.2) | 93 (21.2) | 355 (21.6) | 62 (13.6) | 36 (22.8) | <0.01 |
| Sufficient, N (%) | 922 (34.2) | 198 (45.1) | 618 (37.6) | 76 (16.7) | 30 (19.0) | |
| Excessive, N (%) | 1229 (45.6) | 148 (33.7) | 671 (40.8) | 318 (69.7) | 92 (58.2) | |
Values represent mean (SD), median (95 % range), or number of subjects (valid %)
* Differences in subject characteristics between groups were evaluated using 1-way ANOVA test