Table 1.

Metabolic phenotypes in mice before and after treatment.

Variables	Time (week)	Chow	HF	HF-P	HF-F	db/db
Body weight (g)	0	16.3 ± 1.0	17.6 ± 1.2	15.1 ± 0.3	14.6 ± 0.3	20.9 ± 0.8a∗b∗
	8	24.4 ± 0.9	28.4 ± 0.4a∗∗	25.5 ± 0.2b∗	24.3 ± 1.1b∗	49.9 ± 1.2a∗∗b∗∗
	12	24.2 ± 0.6	27.2 ± 1.4a∗	26.5 ± 0.8	25.0 ± 0.9	57.6 ± 3.2a∗∗b∗∗
	16	23.1 ± 1.3	28.9 ± 1.3a∗∗	29.2 ± 0.7	26.5 ± 0.6
	20	24.4 ± 0.9	28.4 ± 1.2a∗∗	29.0 ± 0.8	25.8 ± 0.8
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	0	6.1 ± 0.2	6.2 ± 0.2	6.6 ± 0.1	6.6 ± 0.1	8.2 ± 0.3a∗b∗
	8	6.2 ± 0.4	8.4 ± 0.4a∗∗	8.1 ± 0.5	7.9 ± 0.3	15.8 ± 2.2a∗∗b∗∗
	12	5.8 ± 0.4	8.4 ± 0.7a∗∗	6.1 ± 0.3b∗∗	6.1 ± 0.3b∗∗	11.3 ± 1.7a∗∗b∗∗
	16	5.4 ± 0.2	8.0 ± 1.4a∗	6.1 ± 0.2	5.8 ± 0.2
	20	6.1 ± 0.5	10.7 ± 0.4a∗∗	9.2 ± 0.5	8.1 ± 0.6b∗∗
Epididymal fat (g)	20 (12†)	0.32 ± 0.05	0.71 ± 0.10a∗∗	0.72 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.05b∗∗	2.15 ± 0.36
Subcutaneous fat (g)	20 (12†)	0.23 ± 0.03	0.53 ± 0.09a∗∗	0.78 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03b∗∗	10.24 ± 1.63
Fasting serum insulin (ng/mL)	20 (12†)	0.78 ± 0.04	1.78 ± 0.23a∗∗	0.91 ± 0.14b∗	1.04 ± 0.14b∗	4.07 ± 0.77
Serum TG (mmol/L)	20 (12†)	1.06 ± 0.15	0.92 ± 0.14	1.24 ± 0.09	1.15 ± 0.11	1.54 ± 0.15
Serum TC (mmol/L)	20 (12†)	0.77 ± 0.08	1.48 ± 0.14a∗∗	0.97 ± 0.05b∗∗	1.08 ± 0.06b∗∗	1.89 ± 0.13
Liver TG (µmol/g)	20 (12†)	7.0 ± 0.5	12.3 ± 0.7a∗∗	10.9 ± 1.1	7.5 ± 0.8b∗∗	17.3 ± 3.0
Liver TC (µmol/g)	20 (12†)	6.0 ± 0.4	9.3 ± 1.4	7.2 ± 0.5	6.9 ± 0.7	14.6 ± 0.3

Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical significance of differences between groups was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's test.

Chow: mice fed a standard chow diet; HF: mice fed a high-fat diet; HF-P: mice fed a high-fat diet and treated with pioglitazone; HF-F: mice fed a high-fat diet and treated with fenofibrate; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.

^†Time for db/db. ^aVersus Chow, ^bVersus HF; ^∗ P < 0.05, ^∗∗ P < 0.01; n = 7.