Table 1.

Identification of miRNA involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy pathogenesis.

miRNA	Gene expression	Preselected miRNAs/screening method	Tissue source/experimental model	Target genes and/or pathophysiological effect	References
miR-1	↑	miRNA selected from [77, 78]	H9c2 cells exposure to high glucose levels	Block IGF-1 signal pathway inducing apoptosis	[33]
miR-1	↓	miR-1, miR-21, miR-133a, miR-499, miR-133b/1900 microRNAs approx. GeneChip miRNA arrays based on miRBase 17, Affymetrix	Mice heart/STZ-induced diabetic rat for 5 weeks (1 dose of 50 mg/Kg)	Junctin, which is involved in cardiomyocyte calcium handling	[34]
miR-320	↑	let-7e, miR-129, miR-291-5p, miR-320, miR-327, miR-333, miR-363-5p, miR-370, miR-494, miR-503, miR-664/274 miRNAs, microarray for miRNA based on miRBase 8, Exiqon	Myocardial microvascular endothelial cells/nonobese DMT2 animal model (Goto-Kakizaki rat)	IGF-1; angiogenic factor	[36]
miR-133a	↓	miR-1, miR-9, miR-16, miR-20, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-30a-5p, miR-30d, miR-93, miR-122a, miR-133a/b, miR-146a/b, miR-187, miR-197, miR-203, miR-207, miR-297, miR-299-5p, miR-320, miR-324-3p, miR-326, miR-335, miR-341, miR-345, miR-346, miR-62, miR-369-5p, miR-370, miR-371–miR-374, miR-422b, miR-431, miR-432, miR-467m, miR-483, miR-487a, miR-497, miR-500, and miR-518d/miRVana microarray for 486 miRNAs, Ambion microarray	Mice heart/STZ-induced diabetic mice for 2 months (1 dose of 150 mg/Kg)	Cardiac hypertrophy	[29]
miR-223	↓	TaqMan MicroRNA Assays Human Panel Early Access, for 155 different miRNAs, Applied Biosystems	Human heart/biopsies of NGT and DMT2 patients	GLUT4; glucose uptake	[26]
miR-373	↓	miR-1, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-24, miR-29, miR-142-3p, miR-143, miR-195, miR-199a-3p, miR-220b, miR-208a, miR-221, miR-373, miR-499-3p, miR-700, miR-705/CapitalBio Mammalian miRNA Array V4.0, based on miRBase 12, CapitalBio Corp.	Mice heart/STZ-induced diabetic mice for 2 months (1 dose of 150 mg/Kg)	Cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis via mitogen-activated-protein kinase cascades pathway activation and RASA1, RAC1, TGFB3, and COL1A1 expression	[30, 31]
miR-141	↑	miR-141, miR-200c, miR-208b, miR-295/RT-PCR Array system for 376 miRNAs, SABiosciences	Mice heart/STZ-induced diabetic mice for 5 weeks (5 doses daily of 50 mg/Kg)	Slc25a3: regulator of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier expression, which is involved in ATP mitochondrial production	[38]
miR-30d	↑	miRNA selected for diverse papers reviewed in [35]	Rat heart/STZ-induced diabetic rat for 3 days (3 doses of 35 mg/Kg/day); neonatal rat cardiomyocyte exposure to high glucose levels	FOXO3a; induction of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and cardiac inflammation	[35]
miR-34a	↑	miRNA selected from [79]	H9c2 cells exposure to high glucose levels	BCL-2; induction of apoptosis	[32]
miR-150	↓	miRNA selected from [80]	Neonatal rat cardiomyocyte exposure to high glucose levels	P300, which plays a role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy	[28]
miR-301a	↑	miRNA selected from [81, 82]	Mice heart/db/db mice of 13-14 weeks of age	Kv4.2 channel; electrical remodelling	[37]
miR-451	↑	1300 miRNAs approx. Based on miRBase 19, miRNA microarray system 3D-Gene	Mice heart/obese mice fed with high fat diet for 20 weeks; neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes exposure to palmitic acid	Cardiac hypertrophy through suppression of the LKB1/AMPK pathway	[39]

H9c2 cells: cardiac cell line derived from rat myocardium, STZ: streptozotocin, db/db mice: homozygous for diabetes spontaneous mutation in leptin receptor, NGT: normal glucose tolerance, and DMT2: diabetes mellitus type 2.