Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample.
| Variablea | Schizophrenia probands (n =220) | Schizoaffective disorder probands (n =147) | Psychotic bipolar probands (n =180) | Relatives of schizophrenia (n =150) | Relatives of schizoaffective disorder (n =126) | Relatives of psychotic bipolar (n =134) | Healthy controls (n =242) | Statisticc | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | χ2 | p | |
| Male gender | 145 | 65.91 | 66 | 44.90 | 58 | 32.22 | 49 | 32.67 | 40 | 31.75 | 49 | 36.57 | 103 | 42.56 | 71.27 | 2 × 10−13 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | |
| Age (years) | 35.15 | 12.31 | 35.08 | 12.01 | 36.94 | 13.04 | 43.33 | 15.55 | 41.01 | 16.14 | 40.59 | 16.13 | 38.14 | 12.65 | 7.72 | 4 × 10−8 |
| PANSS | ||||||||||||||||
| Positive | 16.91 | 5.42 | 18.12 | 5.32 | 12.77 | 4.38 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 50.47 | 1 × 10−22 |
| Negative | 16.27 | 5.93 | 15.49 | 4.95 | 11.79 | 3.61 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 40.96 | 3 × 10−17 |
| General | 32.02 | 8.72 | 34.80 | 9.00 | 28.60 | 8.04 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 20.57 | 3 × 10−9 |
| Total | 65.20 | 16.78 | 68.41 | 16.28 | 53.17 | 13.48 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 43.74 | 3 × 10−18 |
| MADRS | 8.90 | 7.93 | 14.31 | 10.26 | 10.51 | 8.99 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.76 | 2 × 10−7 |
| YMRS | 5.76 | 5.79 | 7.69 | 6.48 | 5.69 | 6.46 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.22 | 0.006 |
| SBS | 7.79 | 1.36 | 5.01 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.24 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1006.21 | 2 × 10−178 |
| BACSb (z) | ||||||||||||||||
| Verbal memory | −1.14 | 1.32 | −1.04 | 1.39 | −0.44 | 1.28 | −0.08 | 1.09 | −0.46 | 1.26 | −0.13 | 1.07 | −0.04 | 1.08 | 23.13 | 8 × 10−26 |
| Token motor | −1.33 | 1.18 | −1.36 | 1.17 | −0.95 | 1.24 | −0.33 | 1.16 | −0.24 | 1.03 | −0.31 | 1.07 | 0.02 | 1.12 | 39.24 | 3 × 10−43 |
| Digit sequencing | −1.26 | 1.20 | −0.94 | 1.28 | −0.51 | 1.11 | −0.38 | 1.14 | -0.27 | 1.15 | −0.03 | 1.11 | −0.06 | 1.12 | 26.71 | 8 × 10−30 |
| Verbal fluency | −0.76 | 1.15 | −0.50 | 1.27 | −0.20 | 1.23 | −0.93 | 1.08 | 0.02 | 1.20 | 0.07 | 1.07 | 0.14 | 1.05 | 14.20 | 1 × 10−15 |
| Symbol coding | −1.41 | 1.10 | −1.37 | 1.18 | −0.87 | 1.01 | −0.37 | 1.08 | −0.39 | 1.10 | −0.07 | 1.04 | −0.00 | 1.01 | 49.42 | 1 × 10−53 |
| Tower of London | −0.87 | 1.39 | −0.70 | 1.30 | −0.28 | 1.10 | −0.19 | 1.08 | −0.18 | 1.27 | 0.11 | 0.85 | 0.02 | 1.17 | 15.80 | 2 × 10−17 |
| Composite score | −1.79 | 1.34 | −1.54 | 1.37 | −0.87 | 1.24 | −0.38 | 1.19 | −0.40 | 1.25 | −0.09 | 1.11 | 0.02 | 1.17 | 54.99 | 3 × 10−59 |
| SFS | 123.27 | 23.13 | 119.28 | 24.42 | 134.10 | 22.77 | 151.03 | 18.23 | 144.64 | 21.89 | 151.42 | 21.60 | 156.09 | 15.94 | 68.31 | 2 × 10−70 |
aPANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; MRADS, Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; SBS, schizo-bipolar scale; BACS, brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia; SFS, Birchwood social functioning scale.
bz-Scores are calculated using the overall means and standard deviations of all healthy controls and corrected with age and sex.
cPost hoc statistic are presented as follows: age: SADR, SZR > HC; SZR, BPR, SADR > BP; HC, BPR, SADR, SZR > SZ; BPR, SADR, SZR > SAD. PANSS_Positive: SZ > BP; SAD > SZ, BP; PANSS_Negative: SZ > BP, SAD; SAD > BP; PANSS General: SAD > SZ > BP. MADRS: BP > HC; SZ > HC; SAD > all groups. YMRS: BP > HC; SZ > HC; SAD > all groups. SBS: SZ > BP, SAD; SAD > BP. BACS Verbal memory: BP > SZ, SAD; HC > SZ, SAD, BP; SADR > BP; SZR, BPR, HC > SADR; BACS token motor: BP > SZ, SAD; HC > SZ, SAD, BP; HC, SADR > SZR, BPR; BACS digit sequencing: BP > SAD > SZ; HC > SZ, SAD, BP, SZR; BACS verbal fluency: BP > SAD > SZ; HC > SZ, SAD, BP; BACS symbol coding: BP > SZ, SAD; HC > SZ, SAD, BP, SZR, SDAR; BACS tower of London: BP > SZ, SAD; HC > SZ, SAD, BP; BACS composite Score: BP > SZ, SAD; HC > SZ, SAD, BP; SADR > BP; SZR, BPR, HC > SADR.SFS: BP, SZR, BPR, SADR, HC > SZ, SAD; BP > SAD, SZ; SZR, BPR, SADR, HC > BP; SZR, BPR > SADR; HC > BP, SAD, SZ, SZR, SADR.