Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Healthy controls (n = 683) | T2DM | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Without complications | With complications | |||
| (n = 633) | (n = 366) | (n = 267) | |||
| Age, years, mean ± SD† | 57.1 ± 12.6 | 57.2 ± 12.4 | 57.6 ± 11.7 | 58.8 ± 11.6 | 0.12∗/0.176∗∗ |
| Gender (male/female)‡ | 362/321 | 364/269 | 217/149 | 147/120 | 0.11∗/0.288∗∗ |
| HbA1c (%) | — | 7.90 ± 3.51 | 8.00 ± 4.27 | 7.76 ± 1.93 | 0.129∗∗ |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)† | 5.44 ± 0.75 | 8.68 ± 3.14 | 8.90 ± 3.22 | 8.38 ± 3.02 | <0.001∗/0.03∗∗ |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)† | 1.41 ± 0.94 | 1.64 ± 1.07 | 1.67 ± 1.08 | 1.59 ± 1.06 | <0.001∗/0.47∗∗ |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)† | 4.95 ± 0.96 | 4.59 ± 1.10 | 4.60 ± 1.00 | 4.58 ± 1.23 | <0.001∗/0.48∗∗ |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)† | 1.58 ± 0.44 | 1.38 ± 0.44 | 1.35 ± 0.38 | 1.41 ± 0.50 | <0.001∗/0.36∗∗ |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)† | 2.91 ± 0.75 | 2.67 ± 0.94 | 2.67 ± 0.84 | 2.66 ± 1.07 | <0.001∗/0.38∗∗ |
Data expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation or n.
†Statistical differences between groups tested using unpaired Student's t test. ‡Statistical differences between groups tested using chi-square test. ∗Statistical differences between healthy controls and patients with T2DM. ∗∗Statistical differences between T2DM without complications and T2DM with complications.